**2.1 Biological techniques**

The manufacture of silver nanoparticles through physical and chemical means is a costly, protracted, and environmentally unfriendly process. Therefore, it is of utmost significance to devise a technique that is both ecologically and financially sustainable; the production method in question is devoid of hazardous chemicals [24] and circumvents the complications that arise from chemical and physical manufacturing techniques. Biological techniques serve to address these lacunae and possess diverse utilities in healthcare administration by means of controlling diverse biological processes. Biological production techniques encompass the utilization of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, and yeasts, as well as botanical sources. The popularity of utilizing nanoparticles in medical applications is largely attributed to the sources cited.

According to reports, the utilization of microorganisms and plants for nanoparticle production is a safe and cost-effective method that poses relatively lower environmental risks compared to chemical synthesis [25, 26]. Furthermore, it has been observed that microorganisms and plants possess the capability to assimilate and amass inorganic metallic ions from their ambient milieu [27]. The production of silver nanoparticles through biological means primarily entails the utilization of microorganisms and plant-based sources (**Figure 1**) [28].
