**A.4 End of chapter educational objectives exercise – Particulate matter toxicity**

	- Colloid (1–1 μm),
	- Suspension (> 1 μm)
	- Emulsion (H2O-in-oil (*w*/*o*), oil-in-H2O (*o*/w)) � inclusion
	- Micelle (10–200 nm)
	- Liposome (100–580 nm)
	- Soft nanoparticles (3<sup>x</sup> + 2, *x* = C-C bond)
	- Hard nanoparticles (*n*<sup>x</sup> + *m*, *x* = metal oxide bond)
	- Transition metal oxide/polyhedral bond structure particulates
	- Charge/exterior oxidation state (neutral, poly-neutral, anionic, cationic, cationo-neutral)
	- Size (1.65–2.09 nm, renal filtration; 4.75 nm, renal reabsorption)
	- Aspect (*w*, *l*)
	- Aerodynamic diameter (*D*ae)
	- Settling velocity diameter (*D*a)
	- Volume equivalent diameter (*D*ve)
	- Mass equivalent diameter (*D*me)
	- Effective particle density (*ρ*eff II)
	- Particle density (*ρ*p)
	- Dynamic shape factor (χ)
	- Knudsen path length (*K*n)
	- Velocity-slip correction parameter (*C*)
	- Condensation for collision product molecules
	- Coagulation for particles
	- Particle type (hard, soft)
	- Dreiding forcefield energy (*D*E)
	- Free energy threshold (*G*critical)
	- Surface energy barrier to dissolution (*H*)

	- Matrix porosity (*φ*), pore size (*r*m), pore number (*r*n)
	- Volumetric water content (*θ*)
	- Percolation (*p*)
	- Critical threshold for percolation (*p*C)
	- Cross-over threshold (*p*x)
	- Power variable (*t*, *q*)
	- Molecule size (*a*)
	- Macro-diffusivity (*D*)
	- Diffusivity, unbounded solvent (*D*∞)
	- Categorical
		- Relative risk (RR), Odds ratio (OR), Chi Square (χ<sup>2</sup> ; Appendix II), HR: Logistic regression
		- Sensitivity and specificity
	- Numeric
		- Parametric methods, SMR
	- Starling model, 2-compartment, bidirectional
	- Oncotic pressure, πc; πi, π<sup>g</sup>
	- Hydrostatic pressure, *p*c, *p*<sup>i</sup>
	- Universal diffusional concentration variables, *C*b, *C*t intracellular
	- QAR model, 2-compartment, uni-directional (integrated/non-linear)
	- Influx parameter, *K*<sup>i</sup>
	- GKM model, 2-compartment, bi-directional (integrated decay)
	- Transfer parameters, *K*trans, *K*ep
	- Fractional variables, vp, ve
	- Threshold limit value, (shift, TLV)<sup>1</sup>
	- Permissible exposure limit (PEL)
	- Recommended exposure limit (REL)
	- Short-term exposure limit (STEL)
	- Action level (AL)
	- Air sampling/personal dosimetry
		- Particulates, flow rate-calibrated sampling pumps with size-specific filters
		- Vapors, monitoring badges and/or solid sorbent tubes
	- Hierarchy of controls implementation

	- Fluorescence absorbance/emission (*Abs*, *Em* SI, *λ*)
	- X-ray diffraction (SI, 2-*θ*°)
	- FTIR reflectance or transmission spectroscopy (SI, *λ* 1 )
	- Mass/ionization spectroscopy (SI, *m*/*z*)
	- 1 H NMR spectroscopy (SI, *ppm*)
	- TEM: STEM2.6E2 e/nm2, EFTEM10E6 e/nm2 (SI, σ)
	- DNA segments sequencing (reads mapping, assembly; ATAC, CHiP)
	- RNA-sequencing
	- Guide RNA-sequencing/Cas9-CRISPR
	- qRT-PCR with primers
	- cDNA microarray library with FDR *Q*-value correction
	- Bisulfite C > U conversion
	- Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy (*θ*°, *λ*)
	- Particulate matter exterior properties aspect ratios
	- Transition metal dissolution rates and exterior properties/oxidation states (cell surface interaction, nuclei acid binding/conformational changes)
	- AhR and related pathway agonism
	- Efflux transporter and related gene expression polymorphisms
	- Gene promoter or body methylation changes
