**A.3 Particulates toxicity industrial hygiene (adapted from Ref. [15])**

I.Threshold limit value

$$TLV \text{ppm} = \frac{(TLV) \text{ (Air vol)}}{(MW)};\tag{4}$$

$$TLV \text{ppm} = \frac{(TLV) \text{ (Air vol)}}{(MW \text{conv)}} \tag{5}$$


II.Time-weighted mean

$$TWA\text{m}\left[\right] = \frac{\sum (n\_1 \* \left[\right] + \dots + n\_m \* \left[\right])}{\sum (n\_1 + \dots + n\_m)}\tag{6}$$

*where TWA*m, Time-weighted average concentration.


III.Fraction of TLV exposure

$$\text{TLVfract} = \sum \left( \frac{[\ ]\_1}{\text{TLV}\_1} + \dots + \frac{[\ ]\_x}{\text{TLV}\_x} \right) \tag{7}$$

*where TLV*fract, overall fraction of threshold limit value exposure (> 1, exposure limit has been exceeded).

[], concentration

*z*, TLV for specific chemicals beginning with first exposure []

#### IV. Sampler efficiency

A. IPM, Inhalable particle matter size range, 50% cumulative reference level

$$\text{Finh}\left(D\mathbf{a}\right) = -\mathbf{11.8}\left(\ln\left(D\mathbf{a}\right)\right) + \text{\(\mathbf{0}\)}\tag{8}$$

Finh (*D*ae), IPM efficiency.

β<sup>0</sup> = 101.

(, non-inclusion *x* variable.

], inclusion *x* variables.

*where* particle aerodynamic diameter *D*a, (0 μm; 1 μm, 2 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm, 20 μm, 30 μm, 40 μm, 50 μm, 100 μm], *R*<sup>2</sup> = 0.97.

*where* 50% efficiency is at standard particle *D*<sup>a</sup> = 100 μm, and 97% efficiency is at std. particle *D*<sup>a</sup> = 1 μm (actual values)

B. RPM, Respirable particle matter size range, 100% cumulative reference level

$$\text{Fresp}\,(D\mathbf{a}) = -\mathbf{3}.\text{79}(D\mathbf{a})2 + \mathbf{2}.\text{84}(D\mathbf{a}) + \text{f0}\tag{9}$$

Fresp (*D*ae), RPM efficiency (small particle).

β<sup>0</sup> = 99.4.

*where* particle aerodynamic diameter *D*a, [0 μm, 1 μm, 2 μm, 3 μm, 4 μm], *R*<sup>2</sup> = 0.998

$$\text{Fresp}\left(D\mathbf{a}\right) = \beta \mathbf{0} \, e^{-0.64\\$\left(\hat{D}\_{\mathbf{a}}\right)}\tag{10}$$

Fresp (*D*ae), RPM efficiency (large particle).

β<sup>0</sup> = 767.

*where* particle aerodynamic diameter *D*a, [4 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm, 6 μm, 7 μm, 8 μm, 10 μm], *R*<sup>2</sup> = 0.992.
