**3. Biosensors adapting to developing technology**

Biosensors have been essential in improving the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of many disorders. Fortunately, ongoing research is opening the door for more optimistic advancements in fields including wireless communication, 2D materials, nanotechnology, flexible electronics, and e-textiles. These developments are assisting in the creation of biosensors that keep up with the quick progress in technology. Compared to conventional biosensors, nanobiosensors, which mix nanotechnology and biosensors, offer greater sensitivity. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have demonstrated potential for identifying certain targets inside of cells. However, creating remotely operable gold detection technology is still difficult. A new AuNPcapped cage fluorescence biosensor that uses controlled-release and cyclic enzymatic amplification that is supported by exonuclease III (Exo III) and activated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was recently introduced in a study. Through DNA hybridization, AuNPs are used in this system to seal the pores of Au nanocages (AuNCs) that have been loaded with rhodamine B (RhB) molecules. The RhB fluorescent molecules are released in the presence of ATP for detection with the aid of Exo III. The biosensor exhibits an outstanding LOD as low as 0.88 nM and a broad linear detection range for ATP. It also distinguishes itself from analogs because of its remarkable selectivity for ATP. This technique has a huge potential for usage in the biomedical industry as a practical and extremely sensitive biosensor [35].

For implantable biosensors, a novel system of co-encapsulated Pt-porphyrin in biocompatible and biodegradable carriers has been created. Using emulsificationsolvent evaporation and air-driven atomization processes, polymeric nanoparticles, and nano–micro hybrid carriers were successfully created. With diameters of about 450 nm and 10 m for polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles and PLA-alginate nano–micro particles, respectively, these carriers showed effective encapsulation of Pt-porphyrin. Studies using fluorescent-based biosensing demonstrated a linear response for oxygen concentrations between 0 and 6 mM. These results imply that implanted glucose biosensors for effective management of blood glucose levels in diabetes may be developed using the near-infrared (NIR ) fluorophore-based carrier systems under investigation [36]. Optical nanosensors known as implantable polymer dot (Pdot) glucose transducers allow diabetic patients to monitor their blood sugar levels in real time. Hydrogen peroxide, a consequence of the oxidation of glucose, can, nevertheless, impair sensor function. A novel method for dealing with this problem includes catalase inside the sensor, resulting in an enzyme cascade that quickly breaks down hydrogen peroxide. This increases the sensor's enzymatic activity, biocompatibility, and photostability, resulting in a Pdot-GOx/CAT, a next-generation Pdot glucose transducer with increased sensing capabilities and long-term stability. This development offers hope for better continuous glucose monitoring in the treatment of diabetes [37]. Miniaturized needle electrodes and adaptable materials have been combined to create a flexible biosensing system. The method entails layer-by-layer alteration of electrodes using polyurethane semi-permeable membranes, electrochemically deposited polymers, and enzyme-doped xerogels. These biosensors exhibit sensitivity and selectivity for diseases such as sepsis, galactosemia, xanthinuria, diabetes, and preeclampsia. They can be made smaller to perform well in artificial urine or blood serum and can be wired with electrodes. Platinum nanoparticle coatings are added to improve the detection of signals. This approach has the potential to treat a variety of illnesses, making it an important tool in biosensor technology [38].
