**10. Achievements and challenges in biosensors**

The growing demand for biosensors has led to the development of biofabrication for high-precision detection of cellular and animal activity. This requires multiplexed settings and complex transducers for both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D detection. Research methodologies, such as aptamers, affibodies, peptide arrays, and molecularly imprinted polymers, have been employed. However, promising compounds for medicinal, antibacterial, and drug delivery have had limited success. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as reliable analytical tools for pathogen detection of the avian influenza virus in complex matrices. A recent study discovered potential applications for affinity-based biosensors in sports medicine and doping control analyses. The primary factors affecting biosensor development include sensitivity, specificity, nontoxicity, small compound detection capacity, and cost-effectiveness. These characteristics will address both biosensor technology limitations and fundamental requirements. Recent advancements in electrochemical sensor improvements and nanomaterials have led to new types of biosensors, such as printed temporary tattoo electrochemical biosensors for physiological and security detection of chemical components. For pandemics like COVID-19, it can be used for remarkable changes.

Modern era biosensors require a combination of biosensing, biofabrication, and synthetic biology techniques, utilizing electrochemical, optical, or bioelectronic principles or a combination of all three [1, 85–87].

*New Advances in Biosensing*
