**9. Conclusion**

The 11 electrochemical biosensors for vitamin D determination are:

1. Ab-25OHD/SPE/FMTAD biosensor: This biosensor uses a specific antibody (Ab-25OHD) for the detection of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) on a screen-printed *Vitamin D Detection Using Electrochemical Biosensors: A Comprehensive Overview DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112212*

electrode (SPE) modified with ferrocene methanol as an electron mediator (FM-TAD).


These biosensors have various advantages and limitations in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and cost. Further research is needed to optimize these biosensors and improve their performance for the determination. The development of electrochemical biosensors for vitamin D detection holds great potential for various applications in healthcare and research. These biosensors offer numerous advantages, including high sensitivity, selectivity, simplicity, and potential for miniaturization and integration, into portable devices.

In terms of applications, electrochemical biosensors can be utilized in clinical settings for routine vitamin D assessment, enabling timely and accurate monitoring of vitamin D levels in patients. They can also find utility in personalized medicine, where precise vitamin D measurements can aid in tailoring individual treatment plans and optimizing patient outcomes.

Furthermore, electrochemical biosensors can play a crucial role in research studies related to vitamin D metabolism, deficiency, and its association with various diseases. They can help researchers investigate the impact of different factors on vitamin D levels, explore potential correlations between vitamin D status and health outcomes, and contribute to advancing our understanding of vitamin D-related mechanisms in the body.

As for future prospects, there are several areas that can be explored to further enhance the capabilities and applications of electrochemical biosensors for vitamin D detection.

Firstly, efforts can be directed toward improving the sensitivity and selectivity of these biosensors by exploring novel recognition elements, such as aptamers or molecularly imprinted polymers, and optimizing the immobilization techniques.

Secondly, the integration of electrochemical biosensors with emerging technologies, such as wearable devices or point-of-care systems, can enable convenient and real-time monitoring of vitamin D levels, providing immediate feedback and facilitating timely interventions.

Additionally, the development of multiplexed biosensors capable of simultaneous detection of multiple analytes, including vitamin D, could offer comprehensive insights into the interplay between different biomarkers and their impact on health.

Furthermore, advancements in data analysis techniques, including artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, can aid in extracting valuable information from complex electrochemical data, improving accuracy, and facilitating data interpretation.

In conclusion, electrochemical biosensors have the potential to revolutionize the detection and monitoring of vitamin D levels in various applications. By addressing the current challenges and exploring new avenues for research, these biosensors can contribute to advancements in personalized medicine, clinical diagnostics, and research studies, ultimately improving our understanding of vitamin D's role in human health.
