**6.4 Human parvovirus NS1**

Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is the only pathogenic human parvovirus, and it targets cells of the erythroid lineage, expecially erythroid progenitors (Wan et al., 2010). The B19V protein NS1 (nonstructural protein 1) interacts with E2F-4 and E2F-5, inducing their nuclear accumulation and G2 arrest, necessary for viral replication (Wan et al., 2010). Simultaneously, NS1 also decreases expression of E2F-1, E2F-2, and E2F-3, resulting in

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transcriptional repression of genes necessary for the G2/M transition. Thus, B19V targets cells for arrest in the G2 phase by altering E2F activity, indicating the importance of this family of transcription factors in all phases of the cell cycle and multiple aspects of cell cycle progression and DNA replication and repair.
