**5. Urinary 8-oxo-Gua level and food consumption**

Urinary 8-oxo-Gua levels are often analyzed, especially as a marker of oxidation [54, 55]. Among the urinary biomarkers of oxidative stresses, 8-oxo-Gua is possibly the most studied. We previously investigated the effects of age, smoking, dietary factors, and other life style factors on urinary 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) levels [56]. Urine samples were collected from healthy employees in a steel-manufacturing company, after obtaining informed consent. The mean level of urinary 8-oxo-dG (μg / g creatinine) in the 361 male subjects was 4.20 ± 1.47 (Table 1). The relationships between 16 categorical lifestyle factors and urinary 8-oxo-dG levels were analyzed by ANOVA. The results revealed that the urinary 8-oxo-dG level was significantly negatively related to fruit consumption (*P* = 0.03) and physical activity (*P* = 0.03). It is noteworthy that, in terms of fruit consumption, the urinary 8-oxo-dG levels of the "rarely" and "two or three times per week" groups were significantly higher than those of the "everyday" group (*P* = 0.03). The results of the Scheffe's test also indicated that fruit consumption significantly reduced the urinary 8-oxodG level. Besides urinary analyses, a diet rich in fruit and vegetables was also reportedly effective in the reduction of oxidative stresses [57]. These data indicated that fruit consumption and physical activity reduce oxidative stress generation.


Food Factors and Oxidative DNA Damage / DNA Repair Systems 553

B

**0M 2M 4M 8M**

**0M 2M 4M 8M**

**0M 2M 4M 8M**

**1.2 LV diet**

**1.1 LV diet**

**1.1 LV diet**

**0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1**

**0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1**

**0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1**

**0M 2M 4M 8M**

**Normal diet**

**0M 2M 4M 8M**

**Normal diet**

**0M 2M 4M 8M**

**Water Coffee**

**Water Coffee**

**Water Coffee**

**Normal diet**

**0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2**

**0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1**

**0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1**

**MTH1 / GAPDH**

**MUTYH / GAPDH**

**OGG1 / GAPDH**

C

D Fig. 3. (A) The 8-oxo-dG level in mouse liver DNA. The 8-oxo-dG value is expressed as the number per 105 deoxyguanosine. n=3 for data of 4 and 8 months, n=4 for data of 2 months. (B) *Ogg1* gene expression level. n=4 for LV diet + water for 8 months, n=5 for others. (C) *MUTYH* gene expression level. n=4 for LV diet + water for 8 months, n=5 for others. (D) *MTH1* gene expression level. n=4 for LV diet + water for 8 months, n=5 for others. The *GAPDH* gene was used as an internal standard. The total value of the gene expression level was calculated by the ratio of the expression of each gene to *GAPDH* expression. The values

are mean + SD. \*P < 0.005, \*\*P < 0.05. LV diet: low vitamin diet. MUTYH: eukaryotic

Publishing (license#: 2634430504476).

homologue of MutY (mismatched adenine DNA glycosylase), MTH1: eukaryotic homologue of MutT (8-oxo-dGTPase). This figure was published in reference [53], Copyright Blackwell


*P*: One-way analysis of variance

Urinary 8-oxo-dG data are expressed as μg / g creatinine ± SE

These data are derived from a report by Tamae et al. [56] with permission from Wiley-Blackwell.

Table 1. The characteristics of categorical lifestyle factors and urinary 8-oxo-dG levels in 361 male subjects

46 187 128

63 103 195

17 268 76

26 244 91

140 187 34

11 194 156

118 171 72

9 192 160

58 266 37

12.7 51.8 35.5

17.5 28.5 54.0

4.7 74.2 21.1

7.2 67.6 25.2

38.8 51.8 9.4

3.0 53.7 43.2

32.7 47.4 19.9

2.5 53.2 44.3

16.1 73.7 10.2

53.2 33.0 3.3 10.5

**0M 2M 4M 8M <sup>0</sup>**

**0.8 LV diet**

4.25 ± 0.20 4.33 ± 0.12 3.99 ± 0.11

4.37 ± 0.20 4.09 ± 0.15 4.20 ± 0.10

4.32 ± 0.42 4.22 ± 0.09 4.09 ± 0.14

4.10 ± 0.32 4.21 ± 0.10 4.18 ± 0.12

4.24 ± 0.12 4.28 ± 0.11 3.57 ± 0.19

4.72 ± 0.49 4.25 ± 0.11 4.09 ± 0.11

4.32 ± 0.16 4.10 ± 0.10 4.23 ± 0.15

4.41 ± 0.58 4.15 ± 0.12 4.24 ± 0.10

3.99 ± 0.18 4.26 ± 0.09 4.04 ± 0.21

4.39 ± 0.11 4.09 ± 0.12 3.85 ± 0.48 3.68 ± 0.19

> **0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7**

0.11

0.62

0.78

0.75

0.03

0.16

0.23

0.55

0.75

0.03

**variables category n % urinary 8-oxo-dG** *P* 

rarely

rarely

rarely

everyday

everyday

twice a day each meal

everyday

everyday

everyday

moderate moderately heavy

**0M 2M 4M 8M <sup>0</sup>**

**Water Coffee**

**Normal diet**

**0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8**

**8-oxo-Gua**

heavy

Urinary 8-oxo-dG data are expressed as μg / g creatinine ± SE

once a day each meal

skipping meals one meal every day

light-colored vegetable rarely

fruit rarely

meat, fish, egg, etc. rarely

milk rarely

oil rarely

seaweed rarely

physical activity light

*P*: One-way analysis of variance

male subjects

consider sometimes consider every time

2 or 3 meals a week

2 or 3 times a week

2 or 3 times a week

2 or 3 times a week

2 or 3 times a week

2 or 3 times a week

These data are derived from a report by Tamae et al. [56] with permission from Wiley-Blackwell.

Table 1. The characteristics of categorical lifestyle factors and urinary 8-oxo-dG levels in 361

**\* \*\***

A

healthy meal combination

green- and yellowcolored vegetables

D

Fig. 3. (A) The 8-oxo-dG level in mouse liver DNA. The 8-oxo-dG value is expressed as the number per 105 deoxyguanosine. n=3 for data of 4 and 8 months, n=4 for data of 2 months. (B) *Ogg1* gene expression level. n=4 for LV diet + water for 8 months, n=5 for others. (C) *MUTYH* gene expression level. n=4 for LV diet + water for 8 months, n=5 for others. (D) *MTH1* gene expression level. n=4 for LV diet + water for 8 months, n=5 for others. The *GAPDH* gene was used as an internal standard. The total value of the gene expression level was calculated by the ratio of the expression of each gene to *GAPDH* expression. The values are mean + SD. \*P < 0.005, \*\*P < 0.05. LV diet: low vitamin diet. MUTYH: eukaryotic homologue of MutY (mismatched adenine DNA glycosylase), MTH1: eukaryotic homologue of MutT (8-oxo-dGTPase). This figure was published in reference [53], Copyright Blackwell Publishing (license#: 2634430504476).

Food Factors and Oxidative DNA Damage / DNA Repair Systems 555

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