**8. Acknowledgment**

We thank all of the researchers whose hard work provided us with material for this review. We thank Dr. Dring Crowell and the members of the DeVeaux lab for support and helpful comments. The following agencies provided support for P.E.G. and J.S.L.: The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, NASA ISGC, and The United States Department of Defense.

### **9. References**


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**10** 

*2Germany* 

**Recognition and Repair Pathways of Damaged DNA in Higher Plants** 

*1Washington State University Pullman* 

*2Angewandte Genetik, Berlin 1United States of America* 

Sascha Biedermann1,2, Sutton Mooney1 and Hanjo Hellmann1

Living organisms are continuously exposed to factors that threaten the integrity of their cells. This includes structural and enzymatic components like lipids or proteins, but also their genomes. Damage to genetic material can be critical as unrecognized and unrepaired DNA damage may cause fatal mutations not only threatening the organism's immediate survival but also that of its descendants. These genotoxic factors can derive from their surrounding environment and may include chemicals or ionizing radiation; but DNA damage can also be caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are byproducts of daily

UV light can cause direct DNA damage by generating 6-4 and CPD photoproducts (example given in Fig. 1 is a thymine dimer). UV like most abiotic stress conditions can also generate ROS production in the cell. ROS have a high potential to damage single bases by oxidation (example give is 8-oxoG (Fig. 1)), but are also capable of introducing single or double strand breaks. In contrast to most animals, plants are sessile organisms that cannot change their location when exposed to unfavorable conditions such as drought or salinity. Plants also face the difficult situation that they depend on sunlight for photosynthesis, a process that on its own constitutively generates ROS (Asada, 1999; Krieger-Liszkay, 2005; Triantaphylides and Havaux, 2009). Sunlight also contains significant amounts of UV-B light, which can contribute to both ROS production in the nucleus as well as directly affecting the DNA structure. Sunlight and high production rates of ROS are two of the main factors that lead to many mutations in plants. Consequently, the current review will focus on mechanisms that plants have in place to recognize and repair damaged DNA caused by either of these factors. We will provide a brief overview on the different classifications of DNA damage that can be expected, how these damages are repaired, and what is known about regulatory and physiological mechanisms that are in place in plants to recognize and respond to DNA damage. Because plants have taken a different evolutionary path than animals and possess some unique features not found in animals, we will compare selected repair and regulatory pathways in animals and plants. Despite their differences, plants and animals share many aspects in damaged DNA recognition and repair, and for this reason we will conclude this chapter by elaborating on some opinions for using plants as powerful and valuable model

metabolism or result from insufficient protection against abiotic stress conditions.

organisms for animals to understand the underlying processes of DNA repair.

**1. Introduction** 

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