**8. References**

62 Selected Topics in DNA Repair

only in connective tissue damage, but also modified biomolecules being exposed to the systemic circulation, postulated to be the antigen driving autoantibody production

Elevated DNA levels of 8-OH-dG have been reported in lymphocytes from patients with RA, SLE, vasculitis or Behcet's disease. These same lymphocytes, from RA and SLE patients, also display increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity [Bashir et al.,

The literature provides a growing number of reports in which levels of oxidative DNA damage are elevated in post-ischaemia-reperfusion. Elevated levels of urinary 8-OH-dG or dTg were reported following liver transplantation, which proposed to be due to ischemiareperfusion or reoxygenation injury [Thier et al., 1999, Loft et al., 1995]. Ischaemiareperfusion injury is a significant factor affecting morbidity and mortality following bypass and transplantation surgery, haemorrhagic or septic shock, myocardial infarction and multiple organ failure. During the period of ischaemia, xanthine dehydrogenase is converted to xanthine oxidase. Upon reperfusion, there is a "burst" of xanthine oxidase activity which, rather than transferring electrons to NAD+, transfers them to O2, generating superoxide, with the subsequent potential for generating other ROS and hence DNA damage. Endogenous levels of xanthine dehydrogenase vary from organ to organ and hence ischemia-reperfusion injury might be more relevant to some tissues than others. Human leukocytes appear to be sensitive to the genotoxic effects of ischemia-reperfusion (163) and therefore represent a potential surrogate tissue in which to study the effects of ischemia-

Major theories of aging are grouped under two categories: damage accumulation aging and developmentally programmed aging. However, a developing (emerging) hypothesis described as the free radical theory of aging appears to have adopted elements of the former theories. The basis of the Harman's theory [Harman, 1956] suggested that aging occurs through the gradual accumulation of free radical damage to biomolecules. With age, antioxidant defences fail to scavenge all potentially damaging radical species that result in the insidious accumulation of damage and gradual loss of function [Beckman et al., 1998]. One of the few focussing upon DNA damage, is a report of an age-related increase in serum 8-OH-dG in apparently disease-free individuals over an age range of 15–91 years [Rattan et al., 1995]. Although this same trend was not evident in the urinary 8-OH-dG output of infants, a gradual increase was noted over the first month postpartum, which mirrored the

The accumulation of lesions can, in part, be explained by the discovery that DNA repair capability correlates with species-specific life span [168]. Furthermore, repair activity appears to decline with age, resulting in the persistence of damage and a subsequent

Although there is association between oxidative DNA damage and diseases, elucidation of the role of oxidative DNA damage requires much more work. It is well known that DNA

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**4** 

*Canada* 

**UV Damaged DNA Repair & Tolerance in Plants** 

In both natural and agricultural conditions, plants are frequently subjected to unfavourable environments, resulting in varying degrees of stress. UV irradiation, drought, heat shock, chilling/freezing, salinity and oxygen deficiency are a few of the major abiotic factors restricting plant growth and development. An important consequence of stratospheric ozone depletion is increased transmission of solar Ultra Violet (UV) radiation through the earth's atmosphere. This increased incidence of UV irradiation causes detrimental effects to

The spectrum of solar electromagnetic radiation striking the earth's atmosphere ranges from 100 nm to 1 mm. This includes the UV spectrum (100-400 nm), visible spectrum (380-780 nm) and infrared spectrum (700 nm-1 mm). The UV spectrum is further subdivided into three catogories: UV-C (100-280 nm), UV-B (280-315 nm), and UV-A (315-400 nm) (Ballaré, 2003). The shortest of these wavelengths, UV-C, is blocked completely by the ozone layer and atmospheric oxygen. In contrast, UV-A is weakly absorbed and directly transmitted to the earth's surface. Wavelengths in the UV-B range are absorbed efficiently though not completely by ozone, as a very small percentage may pass through holes in the ozone. UV-C is extremely harmful, followed by UV-B, while UV-A has milder effects (Batschauer et al.,

Plants, due to their non-motile nature, generally have a higher rate of UV tolerance than animals. Plant secondary metabolites aid in defence against both abiotic and biotic stress factors. Plants are capable of reflecting or absorbing harmful UV rays via thick layers of waxy cutin or submerin on the cell walls and intracellular accumulation of chemical substances such as flavanols or phenolics. The biological effects of UV radiation on plants include altered growth responses, reproductive deformities, epigenetic variations, plant susceptibly to biotic factors, premature senescence, damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, and altered conformation of membrane structures. A wide array of genes were found to be induced upon prolonged exposure to low doses of UV-B in the model plant *Arabidopsis thaliana* (Frohnmeyer & Staiger, 2003; Mackerness, 2000; Ries et al., 2000). Upregulated transcripts include: antioxidant/free radical scavenging enzymes, proteins involved in: DNA repair, translation, E3 ligase system, cell cycle, signal transduction, and secondary

**1. Introduction** 

all life forms on earth.

**1.2 Plants and UV radiation** 

**1.1 UV irradiation** 

1999).

Ashwin L. Ganpudi and Dana F. Schroeder

*University of Manitoba,* 

