**4. Conclusion**

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications are a major public health burden worldwide. Diabetic macular edema is a vision-threatening complication of DR and a major cause of vision loss in diabetic patients.

The pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema is very diverse and consequently, the results of treatment are sometimes not satisfactory. Available treatment options include retinal laser photocoagulation, antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, intravitreal corticosteroids and vitreoretinal surgery.

More drug options utilizing different pharmacologic pathways are now being investigated to improve the visual results posttreatment and decrease the economic and social burden the patients are experiencing.
