**5. Conclusion**

PPUI is not an infrequent event that negatively impacts a patient's quality of life and is related to considerable economic pressure. A wide range of treatment options is available, ranging from conservative methods to invasive surgical procedures.

PFMT is suggested for the initial management of PPUI, while anticholinergic drugs are used for urgent symptoms.

AUS was the preferred treatment for patients with consistent PPUI for several decades. Male slings are currently becoming a valuable alternative for patients with mild-to-moderate PPUI. A meticulous preoperative workup should be conducted when planning a male PPUI surgery and the surgical approach should be chosen based on the disease's severity. Patients with an unclear or inconsistent history should undergo further objective workup, including cystoscopy and/or urodynamics. Ongoing research will help to stratify patients and sustain preoperative decision-making.
