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*In Vitro* **Breast Cancer Models as** 

 *Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire et Biochimie Pharmacologique* 

The increased use of animals in fundamental and applied research due to the remarkable drug development in the 20th century has been an important matter of concern for people at large, but also for the scientific community. This led Russel and Burch to examine the decisions which could meliorate this situation, and they proposed, in 1959, the principle of the 3Rs (Reduce, Refine, and Replace) nowadays largely admitted as an ethical and incontrovertible principle (Russell & Bursch 1959). Alternatives to animal experiments (Scheme 1) then knew a fantastic boom with the permanent objective of a high scientific

Reaching the equilibrium between *in vitro* and *in vivo* models, observing the 3Rs rules, is very difficult. Effectively, *in vitro* systems allow an excellent control of all parameters of the experiments, and then, good quantifications. More the models are simple, more they are easy to handle, but more they also are dedifferentiated and keep away from the *in vivo*

Within the framework of this book, the question becomes now: how the 3Rs could be the best way to phase out animal experiments when considering breast cancer? We try to bring some response elements in this chapter, emphasising the *in vitro* models the most useful and the most frequently used. But we also show that no model is perfect and sufficient by itself,

quality in order to prevent, treat and cure human illness.

Scheme 1. *In vitro* systems as alternatives to the use of animals.

and that pure *in vitro* models also need assistance of *in vivo* ones.

**1. Introduction** 

situation.

**Useful Tools in Therapeutics?** 

Emilie Bana and Denyse Bagrel *Université Paul Verlaine – Metz* 

*France* 

Welch, D. (1997). Technical considerations for studying cancer metastasis in vivo. Clin Exp Metastasis, 272-306. **2** 
