**8. Conclusion**

In summary, HA is a glycosaminoglycan that exerts a critical role in BCA progression by interacting with other ECM components and the tumour cells themselves. HA fragmentation induces inflammation and signalling that results in cancer and immune cell proliferation and migration, which can lead to poor outcome. The links between HA and cancer progression, as well as HA and inflammation have in some aspects been well established. Given the similarities in their signalling cascades and cellular processes, the relationship between HA stimulated innate immunity and the BCA microenvironment should be further considered.
