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Fig. 7. Model for IGFBP7-mediated inhibition of breast cancer cell growth. IGFBP7 full length (FL) is cleaved by cell surface matriptase to short form (SF). Both forms enter breast cancer cells through an as yet unknown receptor, followed by signal propagation to the nucleus, which leads to upregulation of expression of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, such as p21 and p27. This ultimately leads to growth arrest and senescence.

This work was supported by a CIHR grant, #MOP-97996 to Arun Seth. We thank Pearl Lam for her contribution to some of the microarray work and Stephanie Bacopulos for help with

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**4** 

*India* 

**Breast Cancer: Classification Based** 

*1School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur* 

Cancer is a group of diseases that leads to uncontrolled cell division and eventually forms a lump or mass called a tumor. They are classified and named after the part of the body where the tumor originates. Breast cancer begins in breast tissue, which is made up of glands for milk production, called lobules, and the ducts that connect lobules to the nipple. The remainder of the breast is made up of fatty, connective, and lymphatic tissue. On the basis of origin, it is of two types (i) ductal and (ii) lobular. Ductal carcinoma constitutes 80-90% and

Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in women worldwide, comprising 16% of all female cancers cases. It is estimated that this disease will affect one in eight females in America during their lifetime. It is estimated that occurrence of female breast cancer is 28% of cancers from all sites in U.S.A, and the relative risk of ever developing breast cancer is 0.125 (1 in 8) (American Cancer Society, 2009). Although breast cancer is thought to be a disease of the developed world, a majority (69%) of all breast cancer deaths occurs in developing countries (WHO Global Burden of Disease, 2004) and relative survival is poor in underdeveloped and developing countries (Coleman et al., 2008). The relative risk of developing breast cancer in the lifetime of women in the developed and developing countries is 0.048 (1 in 21) and 0.018 (1 in 56) respectively. In India, breast cancer is the leading cancer among women (Fig. 1) and the relative risk is 0.033 (1 in 30) (NCRP,

Every woman is at risk for developing breast cancer. Several relatively strong risk factors for breast cancer that affect large proportion of the general population have been known for some time. However, the vast majority of breast cancer cases occur in women who have no identifiable risk factors other than their gender and age (Kelsey & Gammon, 1990). The other established risk factors are previous family history, age at first full-term pregnancy, early menarche, late menopause, genetic and breast tissue density. These factors are not easily modifiable and classified under unmodified factors. However, other factors associated with

lobular carcinoma constitutes 10-20% breast cancer cases.

**1. Introduction** 

2008).

**2. Risk factors of breast cancer** 

**on Molecular Etiology Influencing** 

**Prognosis and Prediction** 

Siddik Sarkar1 and Mahitosh Mandal1

*Kharagpur, West Bengal* 

