**4. AI and administrative capabilities**

The ambulatory clinic is an indispensable feature of patient-centered medical care. Today, many different stakeholders are involved to ensure the patient experience is enhanced and clinical outcomes optimized. Consequently, ensuring a clinic runs smoothly has proven to be labor intensive. Numerous obstacles to realizing a well-organized workflow for pre-visit planning (PVP) exist. These barriers include a lack of workforce shortages as well as limitations on time. The vast majority of time consumed administering care is sandwiched between appointments. PVP improves the possibility that an appointment will flow more easily, require not as much time, and develops a sophisticated and fulfilling patient-provider experience. AI tools may enhance pre-visit planning (PVP) [60, 61]. PVP contains distinct information built on predictable timetables and patient-provider messages that serve modern EMR and AI well. Criticisms of AI implementation include: absence of needs assessments, minimal real world applicability, and ignored complexity of healthcare with subsequent misallocation of investments [10, 62].

Clinicians are interested in automated PVP if it affords them more time with patients and saves them time on administrative duties. Technology already supports clinician work through: advanced solutions such as chat bots that monitor signs and symptoms, rudimentary functions like electronic sticky notes in the EHR, and updated best practices that serve as a reminder for outstanding or upcoming health maintenance. Current technological advancements include: algorithms that pool healthcare data in order to produce a summary of care gaps [63–65], automated patient questionnaires sent through a secure electronic portal [66–70] and programmed schemes that inform providers of requisite activities [65, 71]. The rise of value-based care along with telemedicine secondary to the recent Covid-19 pandemic has moved treatment of patients in the virtual space. This situation means that attention will needed to be further allocated to inter-visit happenings [72].

With the appearance of AI, particular aspect of PVP may be better supported. Unfortunately, there remains of dearth of literature that demonstrates the impartial value of this technology. PVP and its present condition must be further investigated, hindrances to performance examined, and areas for potential automation realized. Technology and AI obviously exhibit an ability to enhances the principally human method for PVP; however unless the structures surrounding value-based care is more refined, than the underestimation and subsequent dearth or compensation for PVP will remain a significant obstruction. Specifically, challenges such as ease of use, confidentiality, safekeeping of patient information, EMR interoperability, and workflow for providers need to be addressed [72].
