**11. Conclusions**

Artificial intelligence and machine learning have a myriad of uses in surgery in all surgical disciplines. AI may enhance disease diagnosis, help surgeons identify patients at risk of complications, and improve the ease of minimally invasive surgery. Furthermore, AI shows promise in improving surgical education and may eventually be used in fully autonomous surgery and nanosurgery. Despite its potential uses, AI is currently limited by large data requirements, concerns about the integrity of data input, and ethical and legal considerations. Surgeons should work to address these issues and take an active role in determining the best ways to implement AI to optimize patient care.
