*6.2.1 5G communication networking scheme*

The latest generation of cellular mobile communication technology is 5G, which inherits the advantages of previous systems such as 4G (LTE-A, WiMax), 3G (UMTS, LTE), and 2G (GSM), and also adds new features. Compared to previous technologies, 5G technology offers high-speed data transmission, low-latency rates, high capacity, large-scale device connectivity, low cost, and low energy consumption. The development of 5G technology as a bearer network for new technologies has revolutionized the development of areas such as telesurgery.

## *Application and Prospect of Telesurgery: The Role of Artificial Intelligence DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111494*

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has identified three main application scenarios for 5G: enhanced mobile broadband, ultra-high reliability low-latency communication, and massive machine-like communication. The key performance indicators of 5G include high speed, low latency, and large connectivity. Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) provides a better application experience for mobile Internet users, while ultra-high reliability low-latency communication (uRLLC) is used for telemedicine, industrial control, autonomous driving, and other applications with high requirements for low latency. The most prominent features of 5G are high speed, low latency, and large connectivity, with user experience rates of up to 1Gbps, latency down to milliseconds, and user connectivity up to 1 million connections per square kilometer.

#### *6.2.2 5G network architecture for remote surgery*

The 5G remote surgery network communication system requires two-way network communication. One is for remotely controlling the robotic arm, and the other is for transmitting live surgical video feedback. To ensure the smooth progress of surgery, we adopt a dual 5G (or dual gigabit dedicated line) multi-guaranteed network, which ensures the stability, reliability, and low latency required for remote medical operations. To ensure the stability and reliability of the 5G access network, we use high-performance indoor distributed systems (Pico RRU) for 5G. We use dedicated 5G core network equipment to ensure low latency on both ends of the network, guaranteeing system independence and security. We use a new type of distributed Pico Site to provide indoor coverage and configure uninterruptible power supply (UPS) backup power to ensure reliable power supply. These measures ensure the stability and reliability of the 5G remote surgery network communication system, meeting the requirements for remote medical care.

The use of network slicing technology in the 5G network can greatly improve the speed and security of remote surgery. With the development of 5G technology, the slicing packet network (SPN) has emerged, supporting the next-generation transport network architecture, bandwidth, traffic patterns, slicing, latency, and time synchronization. The core advantage of the SPN network is its flexibility. By binding elastic ethernet or FlexE technology with SPN, a larger physical link can be divided into multiple smaller physical channels, ensuring quality of service and isolation between transport layers. The SPN technology is a fiber-optic network transmission technology architecture independently developed in China, which has been successfully applied in the transmission of China's 5G network, achieving the organic integration of TDM transmission technology and packet transmission technology, fully meeting the requirements of lossless and efficient 5G transport. The SPN transmission technology has the advantages of large bandwidth, ultra-low latency, ultra-high precision synchronization, flexible control, and network slicing, which are essential in 5G remote surgery communication. By adopting SPN technology, efficient, secure, and fast network transmission can be achieved, ensuring the stability and precision of remote surgery.

Communication plan during surgery: If possible, a video conferencing system or a 5G smart bedside car can be utilized to ensure voice and video communication between the surgical control and the controlled end. In the absence of this equipment, mobile phones can be used for voice communication between both parties. However, wireless or wired headphones should be provided for doctors to ensure convenience, real-time communication and to avoid external interference.

Quality of 5G remote surgery network communication and monitoring method for surgical equipment: During remote surgery, the network should be subjected to a PING test, and the network delay should be monitored in real time. Both test routes should be tested. To reduce the impact on the network, the size of the PING packet should be set to the smallest possible size. During the surgery, three safeguard plans should be implemented in the following order of priority: The first plan is to use 5G for both control and video transmission, the second plan is to use two dedicated 5G lines for transmission, and the third plan is to use two dedicated lines for transmission. The first plan should be adopted initially. If there are network quality problems resulting in increased delay or difficulty in controlling the robot, the second and third plans should be used.

Standards for diagnosing network and surgical equipment failures in 5G remote surgery: The ideal network delay for 5G during surgery should be within 30 milliseconds, and the delay for dedicated lines should be within 10 milliseconds. If the average delay of 5G or dedicated lines exceeds 50 milliseconds within 3 minutes, or if there is unstable jitter in the instantaneous delay, the fallback plan should be initiated. The switch between 5G and dedicated lines should be completed within 3 minutes to ensure the smooth completion of the surgery.

The fusion of aggregate network technology and quantum communication encryption technology ensures the security of surgical networks. By adopting heterogeneous multi-link aggregation transmission technology, data is split and transmitted across different networks at the transmission layer of the network, endowing the network with features such as multi-link parallel transmission, link weight adjustment, forward error correction encoding technology, network self-adaptation, and real-time determination of the total network bandwidth. This achieves lower latency, higher stability, and higher efficiency, fully exploiting the adaptability of the public network for data transmission. The implementation of this technology can greatly reduce the cost of remote surgery and promote the normalization process of remote surgery. In the process of applying quantum encryption communication technology, the project team combines quantum encryption communication technology with remote robotic surgery to achieve the theoretically "unconditionally secure" communication mode for remote laparoscopic surgery. By using quantum superposition states and entanglement effects, combined with quantum random number generators (QRNG), quantum key distribution devices (QKD), and other equipment, key resources are generated, distributed, and received for quantum key production, distribution, and reception, providing encrypted transmission for remote surgery.

#### *6.2.3 Fiber optic private network configuration*

A fiber optic private network configuration is a star-shaped network that connects user LANs or devices through a dedicated line at a single point. Multiple private networks can also form a tree-shaped network by cascading. Fiber optic private networks are usually constructed using synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) technology and are physically isolated from public networks. Therefore, from an application perspective, they offer high security, stable bandwidth, and high standardization of terminal equipment interfaces. However, the disadvantage of this network configuration is its higher cost compared to Internet-based networking. This networking approach can provide fully optical transparent channels ranging from 2 Mbps to 10 Gbps and offers data, image, and audio transmission services for point-to-point and point-tomultipoint connections. It is suitable for networking remote medical systems between county-level hospitals or above in provinces and cities that require high-quality audiovideo interaction, frequent usage, and large image data volume.

During the specific implementation process of remote surgery, a gigabit dedicated line with dual router access is used, relying on clear networking architecture of SDH,
