*4.1.3 Artificial superintelligence*

A system designed to surpass human intelligence in every aspect with the ability to improve its own capabilities rapidly [17]. This system is designed to have consciousness and be sentient [18], surpassing humans in every way: science, analysis, medicine, sports, as well as emotions and relationships.

While the tiers of AI are each fascinating in their own way, currently the only type of AI that exists is Artificial Narrow Intelligence. The remaining tiers are merely theoretical and philosophical concepts, as such have yet to be achieved, and are beyond the scope of this chapter.

To further understand how AI works, it is important to discuss the concepts of Machine Learning, Artificial Neural Networks, and Deep Learning. These terms are used to describe the techniques that organize the basis of AI systems and are important to understand how AI is achieved. These terms refer to different techniques used to train machines on data, each one building upon the prior one in order to reach more complex results [19–21].


Now that the techniques that serve as the basis of AI have been clarified, it is important to understand how they are applied to create actual usable systems that can perform a task. These basic applications of AI include Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision, and Expert Systems, which leverage Machine Learning, Artificial Neural Networks and Deep Learning to solve specific problems [22–24].

*Human-Machine Collaboration in AI-Assisted Surgery: Balancing Autonomy and Expertise DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111556*

**Figure 2.**

*Deep learning example of an artificial neural network where an image is pushed through several algorithms in hidden layers. Once all layers are processed the outcome can be reached, in this case a definition of the image.*


For the purpose of simplification one can say that there are different techniques to train artificial intelligence (ML, ANN and DL) which each perform specific tasks (CV, NLP, ES) in order to solve a specific problem (**Figure 3**).

**Figure 3.** *Relationship between basic concepts of artificial intelligence.*


#### **Table 3.**

*AI basic concepts with examples used in the real world and in the medical world today.*

Most of the cutting-edge AI systems available today use a variety of these algorithms in tandem to accomplish their tasks. **Table 3** presents examples of technologies that use specific AI algorithms for each concept discussed above.
