**8.3 Driving the development of other areas of technology**

Faced with complex cases requiring multidisciplinary surgery to resolve the disease, telesurgery can also be performed many-to-one, with two or even more control systems controlling the same patient. Combined multidisciplinary surgery solves surgical problems of neighboring organs with the same surgical orifice or combines different hospitals to perform remote surgery [16]. In addition, the development of telesurgery can simultaneously lead to the development of other telemedicine disciplines, such as telecare and telerehabilitation after telesurgery [17]. The Telecare Medical Information System (TMIS) utilizes wireless communication technology and smart devices, enabling patients to receive remote medical treatment from doctors via the internet without the need to visit the hospital, thus providing convenience for postoperative rehabilitation care following remote surgeries [18]. It combines healthcare and information technology to achieve electronic medical information management and remote collaboration. Doctors and nurses can record patients' medical information, and the system supports remote collaboration and consultations. Doctors can remotely access patients' imaging data, provide remote guidance and diagnostic opinions. TMIS also collects and analyzes medical data, generates reports for medical quality assessment and decision support, thereby improving the service quality and efficiency of healthcare institutions.

It can also promote the development of imaging medicine. Data conversion in telesurgery cannot be achieved without remote proximity systems in the field of imaging, which can present information about the surgical field of view and the surgical environment to the operator in an image-audio format to create a sense of presence [18]. A typical robotic telepresence system includes a light source, a digital image and audio acquisition and processing system, and an intelligent decision and control execution system. The remote presence system has evolved from a simple image-audio acquisition and processing system to an integrated system that incorporates surgical field of view, surgical environment, and other image-audio information with some learning and adaptive capabilities. The way forward now is to combine intraoperative images with patient-specific 3D models and to combine them with virtual/augmented reality imaging.

With limited medical resources in the deep sea and high altitudes, conventional medical resources may not be able to solve problems in a timely and effective manner in case of sudden surgical emergencies. The potential of telesurgery for applications in maritime aviation and space stations is enormous.

Telemedicine can help eliminate distance barriers and provide medical expertise to remote areas. Due to the relative shortage of surgeons and the need to explore new approaches to surgical education, surgical tele-mentoring may be a solution to enhance and improve surgical education models. Although remote robotic surgical teaching may not replace local surgical instructors, studies have demonstrated that it is a valuable tool for remote instruction in minimally invasive surgery.

Telesurgery can serve as a tele-education function. By remotely interrogating multiple surgical specialists and remotely training hands-on surgeons, the professionalism of new hand surgeons around the world can be more effectively enhanced. This can revolutionize surgical education by creating an interactive, scalable and accessible education system with support and guidance from experts around the world [19, 20].
