**2. Methods**

A literature search was performed using Google Scholar ™ search keywords of "artificial intelligence in medicine," "robotic neurosurgery," "artificial intelligence and neurosurgery," and "cost of artificial intelligence in medicine." This keyword search was mirrored in PubMed. The PubMed database and Google Scholar ™ were also searched for information on the basic information and explanation of artificial intelligence technologies, using the keywords "machine learning and neurosurgery," "neural networks in neurosurgery," and "deep learning in neurosurgery." There were no de facto inclusion criteria and no specific time limitation or time frame to the articles being utilized; rather, the articles were included based on relevance or relation to artificial intelligence use in medicine and the neuroscience field.
