**1. Introduction**

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an exponentially growing field that has already impacted many industries. Although the foundations of AI were laid out by Alan Turing as early as the Second World War, recent advances in machine learning and deep learning have bolstered the field, making it one of the most exciting areas of research and development in today's technology landscape. AI focuses on developing systems to perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence, including activities such as problem solving, pattern recognition, decision making, and even creativity. In recent years, as AI popularity has increased, its impact on various elements of the medical industry have become more visible, a harbinger to the future integration of AI technology into the surgeon's daily toolbox.

As this technology continues to mature, and integrates into surgical practice, the questions surrounding its role in the operating room will become more complex. While the primary question of "what can AI do for surgeons?" might soon have an obvious answer, it will open the door to the more nuanced inquiry of "how will surgeons adopt this technology and how can we mark the boundaries of what we should permit AI to do in the operating room?"

We herein discuss all the necessary information for the surgical community to understand the issues at hand surrounding AI, and we lay the framework to assist in making appropriate choices when it comes to balancing Human-AI collaboration in the operating room (OR). The chapter is divided into three sections: The human perspective of the collaboration, the machine side of the collaboration, and the balance between Surgeon and Machine.
