**6. Cognitive task analysis of the creative processes in CDIO**

Completion of CDIO tasks in a technological innovation involves the collaboration of many experts from different industries. Experts with different domain knowledge and experiences must cooperate to solve the problem at each CDIO phase and across several CDIO phases. However, for execution and completion of goals at CDIO, even though the required domain knowledge and experiences for innovation are different, the creative processes are similar. That is, at each CDIO phase, the problem is solved by going through Wallas's 4 stages of creative problem-solving processes [6]. Cognitive tasks at each problem-solving stage are summarized in **Table 1**. In the following task analysis, the conceptual combination processes are illustrated primarily with examples from the creation of the Book of Chanel No 5 [43, 44].

The Book of Chanel No 5 was commissioned by the owner of the perfume company Gabrielle Chanel to Irma Boom, an Amsterdam-based designer, who has made more than 250 volumes of books. About 20 percent of them are in a permanent collection at MoMA. The 300-page book has no ink. Each of the crisp white pages is embossed with a drawing or quotation that helps the story of Gabrielle Chanel unfold. The book structure is housed in a black box. The book won the Dutch Design Awards in 2013 and is part of the permanent collection at MoMA [45]. The creation of the Book of Chanel No 5 is chosen as an example because it provides an interesting, creative example of a small but complex technological innovation that is comprehensible for most readers.

#### **6.1 Cognitive tasks for conceptualization phase**

The goal at the conceptualization phase of a technological innovation is to find a problem that is worth of future efforts. Creative ideas for a product first emerge in one's mind as a problem or a functional requirement. For example, how can I fly like a bird? Raising a question like this may drive further efforts to solve the problem.
