**3. Conclusion**

Marked improvement in prognosis has been achieved with modern diagnosis and Acyclovir treatment in the last 10-15 years. However, HSE is a severe, dangerous and progressive disease. As a result of an actual multi-center study, severe permanent neurological deficits or mortalities were reported in 35% of HSE patients despite treatment with Acyclovir (Raschilas et al., 2002). As documented in past studies, late admission to hospital and administration of anti-viral therapy are the reasons for the poor prognosis (Marton et al., 1996; Raschilas et al., 2002; Schmutzhard, 2000). The prognosis is worse in older patients and those with impaired general and mental status before the onset of the therapy. Therefore, early diagnosis and anti-viral treatment should be done as quickly as possible with Acyclovir.

#### **4. References**


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Marked improvement in prognosis has been achieved with modern diagnosis and Acyclovir treatment in the last 10-15 years. However, HSE is a severe, dangerous and progressive disease. As a result of an actual multi-center study, severe permanent neurological deficits or mortalities were reported in 35% of HSE patients despite treatment with Acyclovir (Raschilas et al., 2002). As documented in past studies, late admission to hospital and administration of anti-viral therapy are the reasons for the poor prognosis (Marton et al., 1996; Raschilas et al., 2002; Schmutzhard, 2000). The prognosis is worse in older patients and those with impaired general and mental status before the onset of the therapy. Therefore, early diagnosis and anti-viral treatment should be done as quickly as possible with

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**6** 

*Gifu University* 

*Japan* 

**Virology and Pathology of Encephalitis** 

Herpesviruses occasionally cause lethal infection in alien hosts by interspecies transmission such as B virus infection in humans from Macaques and pseudorabies virus infection in various animals from pigs. Most of the infection can be characterized as lethal encephalitis. One of typical examples is equine herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9), also called as gazelle herpesvirus 1 (GHV-1), which was isolated from enzootic encephalitis of Thomson's gazelles (*Gazella thomsoni*) in 1993 (Fukushi et al., 1996, Yanai et al., 1998). EHV-9 infection has been reported in non-equid species such as Thomson's gazelles, a reticulated giraffe (*Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata*) (Hoenerhoff et al., 2006), and a polar bear (*Ursus maritimus*) (Donovan et al., 2006). Experimental infections have also been investigated including domestic horses, pigs, cattle, and goats, companion animals including cats and dogs and common marmosets (*Callithrix jacchus*) (Section 3). These interspecies or cross-species infections can be characterized as

Lethal Infection with

Horse, cattle, pigs Fever, light inclusion bodies, gliosis, cuffing depression

Epizootic encephalitis occurred in a herd of Thomson's gazelles kept in a zoo in 1993. Twelve Thomson's gazelles were first introduced into the zoo in 1992. Then eight normal newborns and one malformed newborn have been delivered. Ten gazelles died of injury by various causes. The herd consisted of ten Thomson's gazelles at the outbreak. A first

neurological symptoms

**1. Introduction** 

viral lethal and inapparent encephalitis (Table 1).

Onager Abortion

Table 1. A list of animals infected with EHV-9

Thomson's gazelles, giraffle, Polar bear, goats, cats, dogs, hamsters, mice, rats, marmosets

Animals Clinical symptoms Lesions

**1.1 Epizootiology of encephalitis in a herd of Thomson's gazelles** 

**in Alien Hosts by Neurotropic** 

**Equine Herpesvirus 9** 

Hideto Fukushi and Tokuma Yanai

meningoencephalitis. Neuronal degeneration and necrosis with intranuclear

(1982b). Herpes simplex encephalitis: Clinical assessment. *JAMA*, Vol.247, pp. 317– 320

