**5. Conclusion**

The variety of encephalitic diseases mediated by arthropod and mammalian vectors, and requiring humans as a host in a parasitic lifestyle, is vast. With the advent of more sophisticated molecular technologies and a greater understanding of these diseases and their genetic codes, novel vaccines could be developed to help curb or prevent future infections (Seshadri et al., 2003; Diamond & Mehlhop, 2008; Ertl, 2009). As genomes become available, a further characterization of phylogenetic relationships can be made (Mavarez et al., 2002; Bourhy et al., 2005; Jackson et al., 2010). PCR applications, including multiplex PCR (Paris et al., 2008), nested PCR (James et al., 2011), heteroduplex PCR (Lee et al., 2002), reverse transcriptase PCR and direct sequencing (Telford et al., 1997), restriction fragment

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studies following a human case in Dade County, Florida. *Mosquito News* Vol. 29,

Genus, *Orientia* gen. nov., as *Orientia tsutsugamushi* comb. nov. *International Journal* 

*Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences*,

infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini. *Emerging Infectious Diseases*,

ehrlichiosis in a deer tick-rodent cycle. *Proceedings of the National Academy of* 

Follicular Lymphoma. *International Journal of Hematology*, Vol. 75, No. (1), pp. 111-

States, 1993-1996. *American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene*, Vol. 63, No. (1),


**2** 

*Italy* 

**Zoonoses Surveillance in Italy (2000-2009):** 

Zoonoses are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "Those diseases and infections naturally transmitted between vertebrae animals and man" (WHO 1959) (Palmer et al., 1998). They may be caused by viruses, bacteria, including chlamidiae and rickettsiae, fungi, protozoa, helminths and arthropods (Krauss et al., 2003), and transmitted directly (through contact with skin, hair, eggs, blood or secretions) or indirectly (by insect vectors and ingestion of contaminated food). Currently, 1415 pathogens for humans have been identified and of these approximately 61% (868) are agents of zoonoses, some of which manifest with neurological signs; 132 agents are also associated with emerging zoonoses (Asjo et al., 2007; Matassa, 2007; Taylor et al. , 2001). Neurological zoonoses are widespread, especially in the developing countries where they are not even diagnosed in

Emerging zoonoses of recently identified pathogens are Lyme disease, cryptosporidiosis, West Nile disease, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, and possible variants of the avian influenza virus, which have found new favourable conditions for spreading. In contrast, re-emerging zoonoses are well-known diseases considered as eradicated in a given country but recur with an exponentially increasing incidence, such as tuberculosis,

Pathogens are constantly evolving and spreading in different countries through animals that act as an asymptomatic reservoir and release pathogens into the environment (Krauss et al., 2003). Among these, wild animals, both mammals and migratory birds, play an important

\*1Maria Domenica Pintore1, Cristiana Maurella1, Elena Bozzetta1, Carlo Cantile2, Gualtiero Gandini3,

Maria Teresa Capucchio4, Arianna Calistri5, Antonio D'angelo4, Maria Caramelli1

*5Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies University of Padova, Italy*

*3Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences of the University of Bologna, Italy* 

**1. Introduction** 

most cases.

role. 

leptospirosis, rabies (Matassa, 2007).

*2 Department of Animal Pathology, University of Pisa, Italy* 

*4Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin, Italy* 

**Investigation on Animals with** 

**Neurological Symptoms** 

*Liguria and Valle D'Aosta* 

1Cristina Casalone1, Barbara Iulini1 et al.\* *1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Piemonte,* 

