**6. Conclusion**

Human pathogenic biofilms are associated with chronic and recurrent diseases that can be very severe and even fatal. Biofilm formation and regulation are multistep complex procedures that involve the transition of bacteria from free-swimming planktonic form to biofilm-making sessile form. Pathogenicity is the capacity of a pathogen to cause disease through a variety of mechanisms. Pathogenic biofilm may cause different host reactions in a human host and use a variety of mechanisms to evade the host defense systems. Furthermore, toxins such as invasins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and cell wall components of biofilm can damage host cells and cause septic shock. Moreover, adhesins help in adhering the pathogen to the surfaces of the host. During infection, bacteria are able to attach to a host surface and continue to penetrate host tissues. Pathogens can "burrow" more deeply into a tissue by generating and releasing proteases and glycanases that degrade host extracellular matrix proteins and polysaccharides. Another possibility for a pathogen in biofilm is to enter the host tissue cells and have access to the intracellular environment. In recent years,

*Formation, Regulation, and Eradication of Bacterial Biofilm in Human Infection DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114177*

nanotechnology has developed into an exciting technique for eradicating bacterial biofilm-related infections. The ability of nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver drugs to the target site in the ideal dosage range, protect them from deactivation, and increase their therapeutic efficiency with fewer side effects makes them a promising therapeutic approach. Aside from that, the small size, large surface area, and highly reactive nature of nanoparticles enable them to penetrate biological barriers like biofilm and have a high eradicative selectivity for bacterial infections. Taken together, this study systematically reviews the formation, regulation, and eradication of bacterial biofilm in human infection, which not only facilitates our understanding of bacterial biofilms but also strengthens the importance of developing novel methods and technologies to inhibit and eradicate biofilm-related human infections, which will greatly reduce the mortality rate of chronic and fatal bacterial infections.
