**7. The role of curriculum and assessment in supporting children's learning and development**

The curriculum and assessment are two critical components of early childhood education that significantly support children's learning and development. A welldesigned curriculum can provide children with a structured, purposeful learning environment promoting growth and development. At the same time, practical assessment can help teachers to understand children's progress and tailor their instruction to meet individual needs [27].

One approach to designing a preschool curriculum is using an emergent curriculum. An emergent curriculum is a flexible, child-centred approach emphasising children's interests and experiences. Teachers using this approach observe and listen to children, taking note of their interests and curiosities and then design curriculum activities and experiences based on those interests. An emergent curriculum encourages children to participate in their learning actively, promotes engagement and motivation and supports their overall development [28]. Assessment in early childhood education is often focused on formative assessment, and designed to provide ongoing feedback to teachers and children. Formative assessment involves observation, documentation and reflection to understand children's progress and adjust instruction accordingly. This approach allows teachers to identify areas where children may be struggling and provide targeted support to help them succeed.

In addition to these approaches, a range of assessment tools is available to preschool educators, including standardised assessments, developmental screenings and progress monitoring tools. However, it is essential to note that early childhood education assessment should be used to support children's learning and growth rather than evaluate their worth or potential [29].

Ultimately, the curriculum and assessment play critical roles in supporting children's learning and development in preschool. Educators can provide children with the support they need to thrive and reach their full potential by using a child-centred approach to curriculum design and ongoing formative assessment.

### **8. Teacher and caregiver roles**

Quigley and Hall [30] noted that teachers and caregivers play a crucial role in creating a safe and supportive learning environment for young children in preschool. They provide the necessary care, support, and guidance to help children thrive and develop to their full potential. In the preschool setting, teachers and caregivers wear many hats. They are responsible for designing and implementing a developmentally appropriate curriculum that is responsive to the needs and interests of each child. They are also responsible for establishing a positive classroom culture that promotes respect, cooperation and collaboration among children. Additionally, teachers and caregivers must ensure that each child's physical and emotional needs are met, including providing appropriate nutrition, rest and opportunities for physical activity [31].

One important aspect of the teacher and caregiver role is building relationships with children and their families [30]. By fostering positive relationships with children and their families, teachers and caregivers can create a sense of trust and belonging that supports children's overall development. This can involve communicating regularly with families about their child's progress, interests and needs and inviting families to participate in classroom activities and events.

Gilmore et al. [32] explain that teachers and caregivers must have various skills and knowledge to be effective in their roles. This includes understanding child development, designing and implementing a developmentally appropriate curriculum and managing challenging behaviour in a positive and supportive way. Teachers and caregivers must also have strong communication skills and the ability to work collaboratively with colleagues, families and community partners.

Ultimately, the importance of teachers and caregivers in creating a safe and supportive learning environment for young children cannot be overstated. Providing high-quality care and education can help young children develop the knowledge, skills and confidence they need to succeed in school and life by ensuring a conducive environment to support children's learning.

#### **8.1 Supportive environment for children**

The views of Youn et al. [33] provide that a supportive environment for children involves creating a safe, nurturing and engaging space that meets their developmental needs. Here are some ways to provide a supportive environment for children, along with examples:

#### *8.1.1 Physical environment*

Ensure that the physical space is safe and comfortable for children. For example, provide child-sized furniture, soft cushions and age-appropriate toys that encourage exploration and play [34].

#### *8.1.2 Emotional environment*

Create an emotionally supportive environment that promotes positive relationships and a sense of belonging. For example, welcome children with a warm smile and offer encouragement, praise and support when needed [35].

#### *8.1.3 Structured routine*

Establish a predictable pattern that provides children security and familiarity. For example, a daily schedule includes time for play, rest and learning activities [36].
