**4. The evolution of early childhood education and care from informal caregiving to formalised preschool programmes**

Early childhood education and care have evolved significantly, from informal caregiving provided by family members and neighbours to formalised preschool programmes now widely recognised as essential to early childhood development. In the early days of childcare, families relied on informal caregiving provided by family members, neighbours, or hired help [10]. Children were often left to play and explore independently, with limited adult supervision or structured activities. This informal approach to childcare began to change during the Industrial Revolution, as more parents began working outside the home and needed reliable childcare options [11]**.**

Friendly and Prentice [12] noted that formalised preschool programmes began to emerge in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in response to the needs of low-income families. These early programmes were often operated by charitable organisations or religious groups and focused on providing basic care and education to children of working-class families. In the mid-20th century, early childhood education and care began to gain greater recognition as a crucial component of child development [13]. Zhang et al. [14] posit that early childhood experiences could impact children's cognitive, social and emotional development. This led to a greater emphasis on early childhood education and care, with policymakers and educators recognising the importance of providing quality preschool programmes to all children, regardless of socioeconomic status.

Today, formalised preschool programmes are widely recognised as an essential component of early childhood education and care, focusing on providing high-quality care and education that support children's holistic development. Preschool programmes are now available to children of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds, with various approaches and philosophies that guide their operation [15].

Overall, the evolution of early childhood education and care from informal caregiving to formalised preschool programs reflects a growing recognition of the importance of early childhood experiences on a child's development. Quality early childhood education and care can support children's learning and development, laying the foundation for future academic, social and emotional success [15].

### **5. Models of preschool education**

The views of Rustamova [16] show that preschool education models have evolved to reflect different approaches to early childhood development and education. Each model has its unique philosophy and practice for teaching and learning. Understanding their differences can help parents and educators decide which model best suits their child's needs.

Play-based learning is among the most popular preschool education models [16]. This approach focuses on learning through play, emphasising child-led exploration

and experimentation. Play-based programmes typically include structured and unstructured play activities, focusing on developing social and emotional skills and foundational academic skills. On the other hand, educational preschool programmes focus more on structured learning and academic preparation [17]. These programmes often use formal teaching methods to develop literacy, numeracy and other academic skills. While educational preschool programmes can effectively prepare children for later schooling, some critics argue that they can be too focused on academic achievement at the expense of social and emotional development [18].

Research shows that [19] Montessori preschool programmes are based on the principles of Maria Montessori, an Italian physician and educator. These programmes emphasise hands-on learning and self-directed exploration, developing practical life skills and independence. Montessori programmes typically use specialised materials and equipment to promote sensory exploration and self-discovery. Reggio Emilia preschool programmes are inspired by the educational philosophy developed in the Reggio Emilia region of Italy. These programmes focus on child-led learning, emphasising collaboration, creativity, and critical thinking. Reggio Emilia programs often involve long-term projects allowing children to explore topics in-depth and develop problem-solving skills [20].

In conclusion [21], Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian philosopher and educator, is the foundation of the educational philosophy used in Waldorf preschool programmes. With a focus on the arts, outdoors and experiential learning, these programmes emphasise holistic development. Children are frequently engaged in learning and encouraged to express themselves creatively *via* song, dancing, and storytelling in Waldorf programmes. Each of these preschool education models has its strengths and weaknesses, and parents and educators must carefully consider their child's individual needs and learning style when choosing a preschool program. By understanding the different models of preschool education available, parents and educators can make informed decisions about which program best suits their child's needs, ensuring that they receive the support and education they need to thrive.

## **6. Philosophies and methods that guide preschool education**

Researchers [22] believe preschool education is guided by different philosophies and methods that inform teaching practices and curriculum design. These philosophies and methods are rooted in various theories of learning and development, and they can significantly impact how children approach learning and interact with their environment. One of the most influential philosophies that guide preschool education is constructivism. This approach is based on the idea that children actively construct their understanding of the world around them through their experiences and interactions with their environment. Teachers who embrace constructivism view their role as facilitators of learning, providing opportunities for children to explore and discover on their own [23].

Matta [24] believes that another philosophy that has gained popularity in recent years is social constructivism. This approach emphasises the social and cultural context in which learning occurs and the importance of social interaction and collaboration in the learning process. Teachers who embrace social constructivism see their role as creating a supportive environment where children can learn from one another and their interactions with the world around them. Behaviourism is

#### *Perspectives on Preschool Education and Care DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111745*

another philosophy that has had a significant impact on preschool education. This approach focuses on observable behaviours and rewards and punishments to shape behaviour. Teachers who embrace behaviourism use positive reinforcement to encourage desired behaviours and negative reinforcement to discourage undesired behaviours [25].

In addition to these philosophies, preschool education is guided by various methods and approaches, including play-based, project-based and inquiry-based learning. Play-based learning emphasises the importance of free play and exploration in early childhood education. In contrast, project-based learning encourages children to work collaboratively on long-term projects that allow them to explore topics in depth. Inquiry-based learning is an approach that encourages children to ask questions and seek answers through their investigations and research [26].

Ultimately, the philosophies and methods that guide preschool education are shaped by the underlying theories of learning and development that inform them. By understanding these different philosophies and techniques, educators can make informed decisions about how to structure their curriculum and teaching practices to best support the needs of their students.
