**12. Future directions in emerging trends and research in early childhood education and care: use of technology and closing the achievement gap**

As we look to the future of early childhood education and care, several emerging trends and research areas are shaping the field. Two critical areas of focus are the use of technology in the classroom and the role of preschool in closing the achievement gap. The use of technology in early childhood education and care can transform how young children learn and engage with the world around them [11]. Educational technology, such as interactive whiteboards, tablets, and educational apps, can enhance learning opportunities and support children's development in various areas, including literacy, numeracy and social-emotional skills. However, it is crucial to ensure that technology is used developmentally appropriately and that teachers and caregivers receive appropriate training and support to integrate technology effectively into their teaching practices [49].

Another important area of research in early childhood education and care is the role of preschool in closing the achievement gap. Research has consistently shown that children from low-income and marginalised communities often start school with significant disadvantages compared to their more affluent peers. High-quality preschool programs have the potential to help close this gap by providing young children with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in school and beyond [50]. In addition to these specific research areas, there is a growing emphasis on diversity, equity and inclusion in early childhood education and care. This includes focusing on culturally responsive teaching practices, an anti-bias curriculum and efforts to create more diverse and inclusive learning environments [50].

In future, it will be necessary for researchers, educators and policymakers to continue collaborating and innovating to ensure that all young children have access to high-quality early childhood education and care. By embracing emerging trends and research, we can better support the learning and development of young children and help close the achievement gap for all. The onus of this is significantly the impact of technology on preschool education and care [51].

#### **12.1 The impact of technology on preschool education and care**

Technology is becoming an increasingly common tool used in preschool education and care. While there are benefits to incorporating technology, such as providing new opportunities for learning and engaging students in interactive ways, there are also potential drawbacks that need to be considered [52]. One potential benefit of technology in preschool education is that it can offer various interactive and engaging learning experiences. For example, digital games, interactive whiteboards and tablet apps can help teach literacy, numeracy and problem-solving skills in fun and engaging ways.

Another advantage of technology is that it provides teachers and students access to more resources. For instance, video conferencing tools can allow for virtual classroom visits or remote learning opportunities. At the same time, online databases and digital libraries can provide access to a vast array of educational materials. However, some potential drawbacks exist to using technology in preschool education and care. One concern is that technology may be too stimulating for young children, leading to an overreliance on screens and potentially negatively impacting attention span and cognitive development. There are also concerns about privacy and security risks associated with collecting and storing children's data through technology [53].

Educators and caregivers must know the benefits and potential drawbacks of incorporating technology into preschool education and care. Technology should be integrated into a balanced and developmentally appropriate curriculum to ensure technology is used effectively and appropriately [54]. Educators should receive proper training on using technology as a learning tool. Additionally, strict protocols should be in place to protect children's privacy and security. Overall, technology can be helpful in preschool education and care when used thoughtfully and with intention.

#### **12.2 How young children learn**

Vartiainen et al. [55] propose that young children learn through various methods, including observation, exploration, experimentation and imitation. Here are some examples of how young children learn:

#### *12.2.1 Observation*

Children learn by watching and observing the people and things around them. For example, a child may observe their parent cooking dinner and then try to imitate the actions when playing with their toy kitchen.

#### *12.2.2 Exploration*

Young children are naturally curious and enjoy exploring their environment. They understand their properties and functions by touching, smelling, tasting and feeling

different objects. For example, a child may explore a block by stacking it, knocking it over or feeling its texture.

#### *12.2.3 Experimentation*

Children learn by experimenting and testing their theories. For example, a child may try pouring water from a cup to see how it flows or mix different paint colours to see what new colours are created.
