**8. E-portfolio assessment**

E-portfolio assessment involves the systematic collection, organization, and evaluation of digital artifacts that demonstrate a learner's progress and achievements over time. In TVET settings, e-portfolios can include a wide range of materials, such as written assignments, multimedia presentations, photographs, videos, and audio recordings. E-portfolio assessment allows students to showcase their skills, knowledge, and attitudes in a format that is easily shareable and accessible to potential employers. Moreover, e-portfolios can serve as a valuable tool for reflection and self-assessment, enabling learners to identify areas for improvement and set goals for future growth.

### **9. Authentic assessment and performance-based assessment**

Authentic assessment and performance-based assessment are evaluation methods that require learners to demonstrate their skills and knowledge in real-world contexts or through complex, realistic tasks. These assessments focus on the application of skills and knowledge, rather than the simple recall of facts or procedures. In TVET settings, authentic and performance-based assessments can take various forms, including workplace simulations, case studies, and project-based assignments. By engaging students in authentic tasks that reflect real-world challenges, these assessments help ensure that TVET graduates are prepared to succeed in the workforce and contribute effectively in their chosen professions.

In conclusion, a variety of assessment methods and tools can be used to measure the competencies of TVET students effectively. By employing a range of assessment approaches, such as formative and summative assessments, self-assessment and peer assessment, e-portfolio assessment, and authentic and performance-based assessments, educators can gain a comprehensive understanding of student performance.

### **10. Role of stakeholders in promoting competency development**

To ensure the effectiveness of TVET programs in the twenty-first century, it is essential to involve various stakeholders in the process of promoting innovation and competency development. This section discusses the roles of TVET institutions, industry partners, government and policymakers, and international collaboration in shaping the future of TVET.

### **11. TVET institutions**

Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) institutions play a central role in fostering innovation and competency development. They must continually
