**1. Introduction**

Technical and vocational education and training' (TVET) is understood as comprising education, training and skills development relating to a wide range of occupational fields, production, services and livelihoods [1]. It refers to a broad range of educational and training programs designed to equip students with the technical, practical, and professional skills required to enter and excel in the world of work.

Technical and vocational education and training (TVET), as part of lifelong learning encompasses both formal and non-formal learning opportunities, can take place at secondary, post-secondary and tertiary levels and includes work-based learning

and continuing training and professional development which may lead to qualifications. TVET also includes a wide range of skills development opportunities attuned to national and local contexts. Learning to learn, the development of literacy and numeracy skills, transversal skills and citizenship skills are integral components of TVET [1].

The purpose of TVET is to enhance individual employability, support economic development, and promote social cohesion by preparing a skilled and adaptable workforce. It has long been recognized for its contributions to the development of a skilled workforce, promoting employability, and fostering socio-economic growth. As the global landscape continues to change in the twenty-first century, it is imperative for TVET institutions to adapt and evolve by focusing on innovative teaching methods and competency development to remain relevant and effective. This chapter will explore the importance of TVET in the twenty-first century and the need for innovation and competency development in shaping TVET programs.

As TVET institutions navigate the complex landscape of the twenty-first century, they face numerous challenges and opportunities that influence the effectiveness and relevance of their programs. The four key issues that TVET institutions must address to ensure their success in the twenty-first century: adapting to rapid technological changes, addressing skills mismatch and unemployment, ensuring equity and inclusivity in TVET, and fostering lifelong learning.

#### **1.1 Adapting to rapid technological changes**

The rapid advancement of technology is transforming the way we live and work, and TVET institutions must adapt their programs to prepare students for the emerging technologies and industries. Challenges and opportunities in this area include:


#### **1.2 Addressing skills mismatch and unemployment**

As industries undergo digital transformation, many are facing a skill gap, with employers struggling to find workers with the appropriate skills and knowledge. Skills mismatch and unemployment remain significant challenges in many countries, as graduates struggle to find jobs that align with their skills and qualifications. TVET helps address this skills mismatch by providing targeted, industry-relevant training that aligns with the needs of the labor market.

TVET institutions addresses these issues by:


High youth unemployment rates in many countries can be addressed by offering TVET programs that prepare young people for the labor market, fostering entrepreneurship, and creating pathways to decent work opportunities.
