**2.6 Simulation and virtual reality**

Simulation and virtual reality (VR) technologies offer immersive, interactive learning experiences that enable students to practice and hone their skills in a safe and controlled environment. In TVET, simulations and VR can be used to recreate complex work scenarios, such as operating heavy machinery, performing medical

procedures, or navigating hazardous work sites. By engaging in these virtual experiences, learners can develop technical proficiency and confidence in their abilities before transitioning to real-world settings.

#### **2.7 Project-based learning**

Project-based learning (PBL) is an instructional approach that involves students working on complex, real-world projects over an extended period of time. In TVET, PBL can be used to facilitate the development of technical skills, project management abilities, and teamwork competencies. By engaging in authentic projects that align with industry needs, students gain valuable experience and are better prepared to enter the workforce. Additionally, PBL promotes the development of critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, which are essential for success in today's dynamic job market [9].

The integration of innovative teaching methods in TVET programs is crucial for preparing students to succeed in the workforce. By incorporating approaches such as problem-based learning, collaborative learning, simulation and virtual reality, the flipped classroom model, project-based learning, and work-based learning, TVET institutions can create engaging, relevant, and effective learning experiences that develop the essential skills and competencies required by today's labor.
