**3. Competency indicators**

Competency Indicators play a critical role in the design, implementation, and evaluation of TVET programs. By clearly defining the expected outcomes of training, competency indicators help ensure that TVET graduates possess the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed in the workforce. This section discusses the concept of competency indicators, their importance, and strategies for aligning them with industry requirements and ensuring their flexibility and adaptability.

Competency indicators are measurable, observable, and specific statements that describe the knowledge, skills, abilities, and attitudes that learners are expected to acquire upon completing a TVET program [10]. These indicators serve as benchmarks for determining whether a learner has achieved the desired level of competency in a particular area.

Competency indicators can be categorized into three main types:


To effectively prepare students for the challenges of the twenty-first century workforce, TVET institutions must focus on developing the competencies that are in demand in the global labor market and are knowledge, skills and attitudinal based. Competency indicators serve several essential functions as mentioned below:


This section examines four key competency indicators that are shaping TVET in the twenty-first century:

