*4.1.1 Reliability analysis*

In terms of reliability testing, the scale modified in this study adopted Cronbach's α to confirm the internal consistency of the scale. According to Sharma [41], Cronbach's α suggests that the construct has good reliability criteria if it is greater than .7. The Cronbach's α values for each construct of the modified scale in this study are shown in **Table 1**. The α values of self-efficacy, learning interest, learning anxiety, Learner's Perceived Value, and student engagement were all in the range of .8–.95, which meets the recommended criteria. Therefore, the measuring tools in this study had good internal consistency.
