**4.3 Data collection methods**

In our qualitative study on gender equity in STEM education in Malakand Division, Pakistan, we employ in-depth interviews and structured Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) as our primary data collection methods. What sets our approach apart is the meticulous design of the interview guide, inspired by established thematic coverage frameworks by DiCicco-Bloom and Crabtree [26] and Boateng [27], ensuring a nuanced exploration of stakeholders' experiences and perceptions. Additionally, we orchestrate six strategically structured FGDs, catering to different stakeholder sections and including a combined session. This mixed-method approach, drawing from established methodologies, allows for the capture of both individual insights and collective perspectives. By innovatively combining these methods, our study enriches the exploration of gender equity in STEM education, offering a holistic understanding of challenges and opportunities specific to Malakand Division, Pakistan.
