**9. Challenges and opportunities in promoting equity in STEM education**

Promoting gender equity in STEM education confronts local challenges and taps into unique opportunities. Identifying barriers specific to the community, while leveraging local strengths, guides targeted interventions [11]. Respondents discussed how traditional expectations and societal norms can discourage girls from pursuing STEM education. Cultural biases, perceptions about gender roles, and limited exposure to STEM opportunities were identified as barriers hindering the active involvement of girls in STEM fields. In this regard, Community Leader-3, opinioned:

*Bridging the Gap: Progressive Teaching Strategies for Gender Equity in STEM Education DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114860*

*"Socio-cultural norms influence STEM participation. Personally, I recognize the challenges posed by traditional expectations and biases. Addressing these norms is vital to fostering an environment where girls feel empowered to pursue STEM education in Malakand Division."*

Respondents echoed the literature's findings, emphasizing how the lack of adequate infrastructure, educational materials, and technology hampers the quality of STEM education. The scarcity of resources disproportionately affects girls, limiting their opportunities to explore and engage in STEM subjects fully. However, Parent-5, viewed:

*"Resource limitations hinder STEM quality. I advocate for addressing the scarcity of infrastructure and technology. Ensuring equal access to resources is essential to providing a conducive environment for girls to excel in STEM education in Malakand Division."*

Respondents discussed the importance of collaborative efforts between communities, schools, and policymakers to raise awareness about the benefits of STEM education for girls. Strengthening local educational policies to prioritize gender equity and promote inclusivity in STEM was seen as a crucial step toward overcoming barriers. Moreover, Community Leader-8, expressed:

*"Community engagement and policy support matter. Personally, I believe in collaborative efforts to raise awareness and strengthen local educational policies. Empowering communities and schools to prioritize gender equity in STEM is essential for breaking barriers in Malakand Division."*
