**10. Cultural factors on STEM participation**

Cultural factors significantly influence STEM participation. Recognizing and understanding cultural nuances is essential for fostering inclusivity. By bridging cultural gaps and promoting diverse perspectives, we can create environments that encourage broader and more equitable engagement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics [20]. Respondents highlighted how cultural norms and expectations can influence individuals, particularly women, steering them towards or away from STEM disciplines based on perceived gender roles and stereotypes. In this regard, Student-2, reviewed:

*"Societal expectations shape STEM choices. Personally, I recognize the influence of cultural norms and expectations, particularly on women, impacting career choices in STEM. We must address these biases to encourage a more diverse STEM participation."*

Respondents discussed how cultural beliefs about innate abilities in STEM subjects can either encourage or discourage individuals from pursuing STEM careers. Overcoming stereotypes related to who is deemed naturally suited for STEM is essential for fostering inclusivity. Likewise, Educator-6, expressed:

*"Cultural perceptions affect STEM confidence. I advocate for challenging stereotypes around innate STEM abilities. Personally, I believe we must emphasize that anyone can excel in STEM, breaking down cultural barriers and fostering confidence in pursuing STEM fields."*

Respondents shared how familial and community pressures can play a crucial role in shaping educational and career choices, affecting individuals' decisions to pursue or avoid STEM fields. Creating awareness and support systems within families and communities is crucial for overcoming these barriers. Moreover, Community Leader-2, viewed:

*"Familial and community expectations matter. Personally, I emphasize the need for awareness and support systems within families and communities. Breaking down these expectations can open doors for more individuals to pursue and succeed in STEM."*

Respondents discussed the importance of diverse role models in STEM who reflect various cultural backgrounds. The lack of representation can limit the visibility of STEM opportunities for individuals from underrepresented cultural groups, hindering their participation. In this context, Parent-7, explained:

*"Representation matters in STEM. I advocate for diverse role models to inspire future generations. Personally, I believe that showcasing individuals from various cultural backgrounds succeeding in STEM is crucial for breaking down barriers and encouraging wider participation."*
