**4. Epidemiology of potentially malignant disorders of the oral and maxillofacial region**

Understanding the epidemiology of potentially malignant disorders of the oral and maxillofacial region is crucial for effective prevention and management strategies.


**Table 1.**

*Potentially malignant disorders of the oral and maxillofacial region.*

This summary explores the current updates on the epidemiology of potentially malignant disorders, including age, sex, changes in prevalence, geographical and demographic patterns, and the impact of public health interventions.

Age and Sex: Potentially malignant disorders can affect individuals of all age groups, with older adults being more susceptible due to cumulative exposure to risk factors, such as tobacco and alcohol use. Regular oral health screenings become increasingly important as individuals age to detect and manage lesions early. In terms of sex, studies suggest that males have a higher incidence of potentially malignant disorders, possibly due to higher rates of tobacco and alcohol consumption [19]. However, it is important to note that these lesions can affect individuals of any gender, emphasizing the need for preventive measures for everyone.

Changes in Prevalence: Over time, there have been changes in the prevalence of potentially malignant disorders. While tobacco and alcohol use remains a significant risk factor, some regions have seen a decrease in prevalence due to increased awareness, public health campaigns, and stricter regulations. However, these lesions still pose a significant burden globally, with increasing trends in certain populations [20]. This highlights the ongoing challenges in combating the impact of tobacco and alcohol on oral and maxillofacial health, necessitating continued preventive measures.

Geographical and Demographic Patterns: The epidemiology of potentially malignant disorders exhibits geographical and demographic variations. Regions, such as Southeast Asia and parts of Africa, have higher incidence rates due to specific risk factors prevalent in those areas, such as betel quid chewing. Certain demographic groups, such as older adults and those with low socioeconomic status, may have a higher prevalence due to disparities in healthcare access and lifestyle factors [21]. Understanding these patterns is crucial for implementing targeted prevention and early detection strategies.

Impact of Public Health Interventions: Public health interventions have played a significant role in reducing the burden of potentially malignant disorders. Tobacco control policies, including taxation, cessation programs, and awareness campaigns, have led to a decline in tobacco use and associated lesions in some populations. Similarly, alcohol control measures have shown positive effects [22]. Targeted efforts for high-risk populations, such as screening programs and education initiatives, have facilitated early detection and intervention [23]. By combining population-wide interventions with targeted strategies, further reductions in the incidence and prevalence of these lesions can be achieved [24].

It is crucial of understanding the epidemiology of potentially malignant disorders of the oral and maxillofacial region for effective prevention and management. Age and sex play roles in susceptibility, with older adults and males being more affected, although everyone is at risk. Changes in prevalence, geographical and demographic patterns, and the impact of public health interventions are important considerations. Continued research and collaborative efforts are necessary to address the dynamic nature of these lesions and reduce their global burden on public health.
