**4.1 Integrated pest management**

IPM simply refers to management of pests by using multiple control tactics with manipulation according to needs, that is environment friendly and effective management program for agro-ecosystems. The chemical control is the final step in IPM. Because many insecticides have severe environmental hazards, they could have impact on beneficial insects, human health and ecosystem degradation, so in this program selective products could be used. IPM program basically have three major parts; first is the avoidance of pests; second is post sampling and monitoring; the conservation of beneficial factors and other is use of chemical and non-chemical methods to control pests in efficient way [100–102].
