**4.2 Pest's avoidance**

For pests avoidance basically one must have comprehensive information about the behavior of particular insect pest, its ecology and biology. This tactic is broader in range and effective against different commodities according to area based pest management programs. The basic purpose of it's to keep the population of that pest below threshold level, because if the population of that particular pest is above economic threshold, the crop would be damaged by unrecoverable loss. It is important in this tactic to must study well and identify the natural enemies of that pest and also alternative hosts etc. Then management tactics could be designed according to need its set basically the foundation of effective management program. The control measures must include use of pheromones or semio-chemicals and other bio-pesticides in combination for mass trapping by disturbing reproduction cycle of that pest [103, 104].

## **4.3 Cultural management**

For sustainable cotton production cultural control of pests is also of equal importance according to agro based region and climate. Before the sowing of genetically modified cotton, BT cotton, delayed planting in Pakistan was used to manage the pink bollworm to reduce its infestation [105]. Late season planting of cotton in Australia was avoided because of low yield and more vulnerability of cotton to be attacked by late season outbreak of sucking pest and bollworms. The destruction of pupae was followed by plowing to control *Helicoverpa armigera* [106]. Hussain et al. found high abundance of thrips on early planted cotton in Pakistan. They suggested that because the temperature have positive role in development of thrips and other sucking pests, so, by managing the agronomic factors cotton yield could be enhanced by reducing the infestation of thrips [107]. Regarding these factors pre-planned IPM practices could be designed for effective pest management.
