*A Review of the Factors Affecting Adoption of Precision Agriculture Applications in Cotton… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114113*

be map-based or sensor-based. While in map-based VRT, a map of application rates is produced for the field prior to the operation, sensor-based VRT utilize real-time sensors and feedback control to measure the desired properties on-the-go, usually soil properties or crop characteristics, and immediately use this signal to control the variable-rate applicator [33]. Neupane and Guo [34] suggested that the variable rate application of water could reduce water use and improve water use efficiency. Longchamps and Khosla [35] showed that VRA could increase N use efficiency by maintaining productivity and decreasing environmental pollution. Onken and Sunderman [36] determined that the variable rate application of irrigation and fertilization increased cotton yield by 30% when compared to whole-surface application. The usage of PA or site-specific management applications in cotton production fields reduces this variation in yield by recognizing field spatial variability and optimizing variable input use within fields [37]. Huang et al. [38], who reviewed the remote sensing technologies available on the market for weed management, presented in detail information on the development and application of UAVs-based low-altitude remote sensing technology for precision weed management. Lamm et al. [39] developed a real-time robotic weed control system and tested it in commercial cotton fields. The researchers stated that this precision weed control system, which consisted of a real-time machine vision system, a controlled illumination chamber, and a precision chemical applicator, was capable of distinguishing grass-like weeds from cotton plants and applying a chemical spray only to targeted weeds. Allmendinger et al. [40] summarized different commercial technologies and prototypes for precision patch spraying and spot spraying. The authors presented an overview of sensors, applications, and implementation options that should be possible to be controlled via ISOBUS-Connection, as seen in **Figure 6**. Also, PA facilitates other management decisions making, such as site-specific deep tillage to remove soil compaction, and the equipment guidance where farm equipment follows the same paths for various field operations [41].

#### **Figure 6.**

*Overview of sensors, application, and implementation options that should be possible to be controlled via ISOBUS-connection [40].*
