**1. Introduction**

Cotton, *Gossypium hirsutum* is not only the most significant material yarn on worldwide basis, anyway is likewise the primary abroad exchange worker in underdeveloped nations [1]. The complete place that is known for Pakistan is 796,095 km2 , around twenty to million are developed and 8.3 million are non-developed soil. Around the globe Pakistan is among the foremost makers of cotton, wheat, sugarcane, rice, dates, mango and oranges. Our chief crops (includes cotton, wheat, sugar cane and rice) contribute 6.5% but trivial crops 2.3% of the nation's GDP. Pakistan's agriculture is based on chief crops which report for approximately 24% of the worth supplementary to generally agriculture and 4.67% of the GDP [2]. Developing countries including Pakistan have low yield production of seed cotton as compared to other technologically advanced countries like USA, Australia and China etc. Therefore, high yield of cotton is necessary on consecutive basis [3]. At present, the production of cotton yarn is approximately 25 million metric tons globally per annum basis while the current market value is around 12 billion U.S. dollars [4]. On worldwide basis, four major cotton species are cultivated

to the known area for cotton production about 95%, but the key specie is *G. hirsutum* (upland cotton) that is dominant to other species as well [5]. The fast growing world population definitely demands high production of food and fiber [6]; to meet these requirements intensive agricultural practices have directed too many climatic issues importantly depletion and exhaustion of water and soil resources [7–10]. Effective agronomic practices, optimal climate and integrated pest management leads to fruitful crop production; as cotton is a perennial shrub from subtropical origin, it could even withstand harsh environmental factors e.g. drought and extreme heat [11]. Various biotic and abiotic factors are involved in reduction of cotton yield due to which cotton production significantly reduced [12]. Nowadays, breath taking climatological changes resulted in extreme weather that ultimately having direct impact on cotton production; while as plant growth reduced by facing various types of stresses in the field conditions. The dominant stresses include weather and soil factors; e.g. (temperature, humidity and rainfall) and (soil biology, altered physical and chemical properties). Generally these factors are consisted of two type's biotic and abiotic factors; biotic factors includes pathogens, weeds and pests while abiotic factors consists of temperature, humidity and drought etc. [13]. Various biotic factors such as pests and pathogens have direct effect on the cotton production and caused significant reduction in cotton crop yield estimated up to 10 to 30% [14]. While as abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity and drought etc. are even worse than biotic stresses and could cause 50% reduction [13]. GM cotton (BT cotton) was first developed in the mid-1990s and notorious for its adaptability, expressing his success story but still agronomic practices and soil system management is key spot to lessen the stressful field conditions. For sustainable productivity of cotton crop the interaction between genetics and crop agronomy is a worthy point [15].

In this chapter, our main focus is on the role of biotic and abiotic factors for sustainable cotton production. Here, we would also like to explore and summing up information about management of those factors for betterment of cotton production. We will also evaluate and identify some main reviews about the role of these factors in relation to plant response, their manifestation etc.
