**3. Apparatus and instruments in precision agriculture**

PA requires special equipment and software to collect and analyze all the information. It uses a range of technologies or diagnostic tools such as GPS, GIS, yield monitors, near-infrared reflectance sensing, remote sensing, IoT sensors, drones, computer vision, LIDAR, big data processing, and artificial intelligence in order to collect and analyze the in-field spatial variability data, and after then, make sitespecific management decisions for soils and crops [8, 42, 43].
