**3. Issues in sustainable cotton production**

## **3.1 Runoff from fields**

When agricultural land's surface is fully saturated and unable to absorb additional water, it is said to have an excess of water. Runoff is the phrase used to describe this water's flow to nearby bodies of water. Runoff, which not only transports extra water

but also contains pesticide, fertilizer, and salt residues that were applied to the cotton crop, is caused by a variety of factors, including improper water management and inexperience with irrigation [14].

## **3.2 Drainage and leaching**

Salinity in irrigation or soil is a significant issue for cotton farming. It affects crops' access to soil water and is comparable to water scarcity. Cotton can keep out sodium ions and is salinity resistant. As a result, there is a chance that issues will not be recognized until they have accumulated.
