**2.5 Organic and inorganic amendments**

In maize nutrient management, the use of organic and inorganic amendments plays a crucial role in improving soil fertility and providing essential nutrients for optimal crop growth [33]. Organic amendments, such as farmyard manure (FYM), compost, and green manure, are valuable sources of organic matter and nutrients [38]. These amendments enhance soil structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient availability, thereby promoting maize growth and productivity. Incorporating organic amendments into the soil before planting or as a top dressing during the growing season can effectively supply nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium [39]. In addition to organic amendments, inorganic fertilizers are widely used to supplement nutrient requirements in maize production. Nitrogen-based fertilizers, such as urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate, provide readily available nitrogen for optimal plant growth [40–42]. Phosphorus fertilizers, such as diammonium phosphate (DAP) and triple superphosphate (TSP), are important for promoting root development and enhancing yield potential. Potassium fertilizers, including potassium chloride (KCl) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4), are essential for improving maize yield and stress tolerance [43]. Applying inorganic fertilizers in a targeted manner, such as banding or side-dressing, can maximize nutrient uptake and minimize losses. The combination of organic and inorganic amendments in maize nutrient management can optimize nutrient availability, improve soil fertility, and support sustainable crop production [44]. It is important to consider the nutrient requirements of maize, soil nutrient levels, and local agricultural practices when determining the appropriate application rates and timing of organic and inorganic amendments. By implementing effective nutrient management strategies using a combination of organic and inorganic amendments, farmers can enhance maize productivity while minimizing environmental impacts [45].

#### **2.6 Precision nutrient management**

Precision nutrient management for maize plays a pivotal role in optimizing crop productivity while minimizing environmental impacts associated with excessive fertilizer use. Precision nutrient management refers to the precise application of fertilizers based on the specific nutrient needs of the crop, considering factors such as soil variability, crop growth stage, and yield potential [46]. This approach involves utilizing advanced technologies such as remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and variable rate application (VRA) systems to spatially and temporally tailor nutrient application rates. Precision nutrient management helps to optimize fertilizer use efficiency and reduce nutrient losses through targeted application, thus improving crop performance and minimizing environmental risks [47]. Remote sensing technologies, including satellite imagery and aerial drones, provide valuable information about crop health and nutrient status. These technologies enable the identification of nutrient deficiencies or excesses in specific areas of the field, allowing farmers to apply fertilizers precisely where they are needed [48]. GIS-based soil mapping and soil nutrient testing further assist in identifying nutrient variability across the field, enabling site-specific nutrient recommendations. Variable rate application systems enable farmers to apply fertilizers at different rates within a field, based on sitespecific recommendations. By adjusting fertilizer rates based on the variability of soil nutrient levels, farmers can ensure that nutrients are provided in optimal quantities, maximizing crop uptake and minimizing losses. This approach also helps to avoid the over-application of nutrients in areas where they are not needed, reducing the risk of nutrient runoff into water bodies. Generally, precision nutrient management for maize offers a sustainable and efficient approach to fertilizer application. By utilizing advanced technologies and tailoring nutrient application rates to the specific needs of the crop and field, farmers can achieve higher yields, reduce fertilizer costs, and minimize environmental impacts associated with nutrient losses. Implementing precision nutrient management practices can contribute to the long-term sustainability and profitability of maize production systems [20, 49, 50].
