**2.4 Timing and rates of fertilizer application**

Timing and rates of fertilizer application are crucial factors in optimizing maize production and ensuring efficient nutrient uptake. Nitrogen (N) is a key nutrient for maize, and it should be applied in multiple doses to meet the crop's demand throughout the growing season [33]. The first application of nitrogen can be done at planting time, with subsequent doses applied during the early vegetative stage and at the onset of the rapid growth phase [34]. Phosphorus (P) is essential for root development and overall plant growth. It is recommended to apply phosphorus-based fertilizers, such as diammonium phosphate (DAP) or triple superphosphate (TSP), at planting time either as a broadcast or band application near the seed [35]. The application of potassium (K) is beneficial for enhancing maize yield and improving drought tolerance. Potassium fertilizers like potassium chloride (KCl) or potassium sulfate (K2SO4) can be incorporated into the soil before planting or applied as a side-dress during the early growth stages [32]. Additionally, secondary nutrients such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S), along with micronutrients including zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo), are important for maize production. The application rates of these nutrients depend on soil test results and crop nutrient requirements [36]. Generally, it is recommended to follow regional fertilizer recommendation guidelines to determine the appropriate rates of nutrient application for maize [37]. By carefully timing and applying fertilizers at the right rates, farmers can ensure an adequate nutrient supply for maize and maximize crop productivity.
