**8. Anti-inflammatory properties**

The anti-inflammatory effect of OEO has been verified; as mentioned before, the OEOs inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, thereby reducing inflammation in various tissues and organs, which has been demonstrated in pigs [9]. The OEO downregulates the expression of TNF-α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IFN-γ, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and inhibited the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and protein kinase B (Akt) in pig jejunum. The greater inactivation of inflammation was reflected by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase B (Akt), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling pathways and expression of inflammatory cytokines in the jejunum; downregulated the relative expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) as well as a significant increase in nitric oxide, viability, and differentiation into neutrophil-like cells.
