**3.1 X-ray examination and ECG in aortic disease**

X-ray of the chest organs – evaluates the size and location of the heart, changes in the configuration of the heart (protrusion of the shadow of the heart in the projection of the aorta and left ventricle in aortic disease) (**Figures 2** and **3**).

**Figure 2.** *ECG – Signs of left ventricular hypertrophy with overload.*

**Figure 3.** *Echocardiographic features of aortic stenosis.*

Aortic stenosis thickening of the aortic valve cusps, decreased mobility. Concentric LV hypertorphia.

Pressure gradient between aorta and LV

Assessment of the degree of calcification of the aortic valve and aortic root.

Assessment of the degree of left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy.

Assessment of the degree of dilatation of the cavities of the heart.

Doppler echocardiography.

Increased flow rate through the aortic valve into systole.

Calculation of the maximum and average systolic pressure gradient across the aortic valve.

Classification of the degree of aortic stenosis depending on the maximum and average transvalvular pressure gradient.

Calculate the area of the aortic orifice using the continuity equation:

positions and measurements, calculated parameters.

Calculation of the aortic orifice area index.
