**1. Introduction**

Every construction project, regardless of its size, complexity, nature, or location, has inherent risks that persist throughout its life cycle. All projects are susceptible to some form of risk, and failure to manage such risks effectively could be detrimental to the project's goals [1]. Risks are events that are uncertain and could potentially lead to negative consequences that may affect the project's success [2]. Although they can be minimised, managed, or eliminated, they cannot be disregarded/ignored. Risks are typically categorised as either generic or project based [3, 4], but their nature, form, or impact on a specific project may not be apparent until later during the project's execution. While a project progresses through its various stages, new risks may emerge, change, or even reduce existing ones. Regardless of the cause, it is important to take a proactive approach to mitigate these risks to prevent resource wastage, increased project costs, reduced productivity, and longer project completion times. The construction industry places a significant emphasis on identifying and managing

risks throughout the construction process [5] because the process is susceptible to numerous risks due to various factors. These factors may include industry fragmentation, varying conditions of construction sites, intricate procedures, lengthy project timelines, and relationships among project participants [6, 7].

These factors are further compounded by the untimely identification of project risks which makes the sector keen on recent developments in risk management. Literature indicates that the management of risks in construction projects has not been properly handled, leading to suboptimal results [1]. Recent studies have however identified several trends and innovations in risk management, such as joint risk management [8], the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) [9, 10], sustainable risks management [11], and cyber security policies [12]. The focus on assessing and managing risks has also led to the development of new techniques and protocols to prevent and mitigate risks on construction sites. Research has shown that effective risk management is crucial for project performance. As such, there is a growing awareness of the need for proper risk management procedures. To minimise errors, disruptions, and other undesirable events on-site, constant efforts are being made to improve risk management methods and procedures on construction sites [13]. Managing risks involves planning, monitoring, and controlling measures to prevent and mitigate potential harm to projects. The first and most critical step in risk management process is identifying potential risks. Without this identification, it is impossible to proceed with the subsequent stages of risk management [5].

Despite many efforts to identify risks and unsafe practices in the literature, current reviews on the topic are limited. Additionally, the existing analyses do not investigate unsafe site practices on construction sites, socio-technical interactions, and their effects on construction risks to address the digital visualisation of risk management. Only a few studies have reviewed construction risks from cultural and social perspectives, while technical perspectives, especially the use of contemporary technologies, have been minimal. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate how social-technical systems interact and how this affects risk on construction sites. The study aims to address the digital visualisation of risk management by identifying risks and unsafe site practices to enforce effective risk management on construction sites. The study adopts review of existing literature on the topic to identify the sources of risks to enable effective planning, monitoring, controlling, and management of projects. This aim would be achieved through the following objectives: identify risks and unsafe site practices on construction sites, investigate how socio-technical system interact and its effect on construction risks and address the digital visualisation of risks management on construction sites.

Section 2 of this study provides an in-depth review of literature on construction risk management, covering such topics as identifying potential risks and unsafe practices on construction sites. Section 3 outlines the methodology used in the study. Section 4 discusses socio-cultural and socio-technical considerations of risk management, including how they interact and their effect on construction risk. Furthermore, the section examines the use of digital technologies visualisation in risk management. The results and discussion are presented in Section 5, and the final section concludes the study.
