**11. Conclusion and future perspectives**

In conclusion, P deficiency in agricultural fields due to high soil fixation and limited nonrenewable P-stock are the major concerns for researchers globally. The active involvement of P in several physiological and biochemical functions has been well-documented in various studies. Limited P-availability in soil affects overall plant growth due to the decrease in P-uptake by plant roots. Application of P-containing fertilizers supplements the P-demand, but random application causes contamination of surface bodies. Applying P-fertilizers considering the soil test value and PUE can contribute to the sustainable management of P and mitigate environmental contaminations. Future research trials should focus on improving the understanding of P-uptake, -utilization, and -transport mechanisms under low P-environment. Further, extensive research is required in the field of root biology, along with identifying and enhancing gene expression for improved P-acquisition and use efficiencies.
