**2.3 Phosphorus and plant growth development**

Phosphorus is essential for plant growth and development [21]. It is required for cell division and elongation, which are critical processes in plant growth [2]. P deficiency can lead to stunted growth, reduced seed production, and poor fruit quality in plants [11]. P also plays a vital role in root development, crucial for nutrient and water uptake from the soil [22]. In addition, P can improve plant resistance to environmental stresses, such as drought, heat, and cold, by regulating the expression of stress-related genes and enhancing the production of stress-related proteins [23] (**Figure 3**). **Table 1** lists the major phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms reported beneficial for plant growth.



**Table 1.**

*Major phosphate solubilizing microorganisms reported beneficial for plant growth.*
