**2.2 Systemic causes**

	- Bacterial (tuberculosis, syphilis, Lyme disease, salmonella gastroenteritis, bacillary dysentery, gonococcal arthritis, and cat scratch disease)
	- Viral (Varicella-zoster virus, viral hepatitis, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
	- Parasite
	- Parinaud's oculoglandular fever



Behçet's disease, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, progressive systemic sclerosis, relapsing polychondritis

*ANA—antinuclear antibody; anti-CCP—anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide; anti-dsDNA—anti-double stranded DNA; anti-SM—anti-Smith; c-ANCA—anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; MPO-ANCA—myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; OSDI—ocular surface disease index; p-ANCA—anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; RF—rheumatoid factor; TBUT—tear breakup time.*

#### **Table 1.**

*The characteristics of autoimmune causes of PUK [4, 6, 14–16].*
