**3. Methods: embedded case study**

In this case study, we want to unfold the concepts of salutogenesis related to a course that has been developed in the field of health and technology, where multidisciplinary groups are represented. This applies to physiotherapists, professionals in biomedicine, biomedical laboratory scientists, radiographers, artificial intelligence engineers, designers, and occupational therapists. These professions have traditions from both qualitative and quantitative research, so they are well suited to specifying what these concepts may mean in practice, because the examples may have transfer value to other interdisciplinary arenas for cooperation.

This case study [19] included literature studies, archival studies, artifacts, and participatory observation. We aimed for a deeper understanding of what salutogenesis can mean in interdisciplinary collaboration in health and technology through different work groups in an interdisciplinary team [20].

The scientific approach is based on a tradition in Hermeneutics or the way people understand the world and context they are situated in [21]. The philosopher Gadamer was concerned that in science as well as in everyday life, it was difficult to understand the world around you without taking with you the background you already have. You are characterized by your culture, upbringing, education, and also your field of study. Gadamer introduced the concept of preconceptions, fore meanings, which deals with our past experience as a prerequisite for our understanding, and also what he called the "horizon of understanding." Our horizon of understanding is a concept describing the limit of our understanding. He was concerned that we will never escape our own background and that we all have a limited understanding, but that it is possible to try to achieve a fusion of horizons of understanding, where one approaches in understanding each other. From a hermeneutic perspective, one can aim for a mutual understanding into a "fusion of horizons"; where in Gadamer's words the "old and new are always combining into something of living value, without either being explicitly foregrounded from the other" [21]. This view has been developed into post-phenomenology by Ihde, who recognized that people understand the world through technology, both advanced technology and less complex technology, such as glasses [22].

It is a goal to collaborate in health sciences, which increasingly collaborate with other disciplines, especially within technology. Mutual understanding and interest in other fields is a necessity. As technology becomes more and more advanced, the user-oriented approach from design professions stands for an important approach [23–25]. This user-oriented approach is also related to the individual's self-understanding, and empathy toward others understanding, as Antonovsky was concerned with, that you are part of a larger context, and that you have the opportunity to understand what you are a part of and how you can influence it. This is also a goal for people concerned with health and technology, both professionals, students, and patients.

Through such collaboration, it is conceivable that one should promote not only a pleasant and interdisciplinary tone, there are also ideas [15, 16] that want to promote the challenges and perhaps that collaborators should deliberately try to use different ways of understanding health, as a way to increase understanding of each other's differences and horizons of understanding, in line with Gadamer's ideas. In these studies [15, 16], conflict in group processes can be seen as a learning process that can strengthen interdisciplinary cooperation in the long term. To aim for, and to tolerate, seeing different points of view, creates a pedagogical challenge where students and professionals must both promote their own field of study, but also try to find a place in an interaction between different professionals, in a professional life that is constantly changing.

Through the study, we will identify different variations of sense of coherence, influence, and meaningfulness through an embedded case study with pattern matching [19]. The theoretical framework consists of subunits of analysis, the key components, connecting both success criteria with critical success factors as described in the Project Excellence Model [26]. The key components in this study have been connecting Antonovskys concepts, with pedagogical approaches. This included combining a sense of coherence, meaningfulness, and ability to influence a situation, with pedagogical approaches of Forming – Storming – Norming – Performing [16]. This was further discussed into problem-based learning, because this was suitable in such a dynamic context based on real problems in professional and working life, including diagnostic, treatment, and training, as well as health promotion both in the health care setting and in the community, where unique solutions must be developed every time [27].

#### **3.1 Findings: exploring a sense of coherence through a multidisciplinary lens**

We used articles and studies that are relevant to the case we have chosen: the topic sense of coherence in an interdisciplinary interaction course in health and technology touching upon user experience, diagnostics, treatment, healthcare services, communities, and research. In this study, we present articles that deal with interdisciplinarity and thus elaborate on the concept of sense of coherence from some selected areas; radiation therapy, physiotherapy, artificial intelligence, design, biomedicine, biomedical laboratory science, and occupational therapy. The purpose of this study is to show some examples from some chosen areas of professional expertise. This has an essential value for the chosen areas. Although they are specific, they represent a broad range of disciplines and demonstrate the variation of the fore understanding [21] of the same concept.

In the study, we thus see different examples of what a sense of coherence means in different disciplines in interaction in health technology, and we place special

emphasis on a sense of coherence, meaningfulness, and people's ability to influence sustainable development.
