**1. Introduction**

The construction sector is a mainstay of many economies around the world. It has inherent value through the creation of distinctive economic and social products. However, the sector also generates a huge impact on the environment, which raises sustainability concerns. One of the environmental concerns is the generation of large volumes of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, along with the carbon embodied in them. For example, the industry is responsible for nearly 50% of the solid waste sent to landfills [1]. In the European Union (EU), C&D waste is around 20–30% (Ding, 2018). Waste Statistics compiled by Defra [2] indicate that in 2016, 63% of the total waste stream in England (189 million tonnes) was attributed to construction,

demolition and excavation waste. Of this figure, an estimated 50% was attributed to C&D waste. C&D waste is described as a mixture of different waste streams, including inert waste, non-hazardous waste and hazardous waste, generated from construction, renovation, and demolition activities of buildings, roads, bridges and other structures [3]. As a result of its impact on the environment, the EU has classified C&D waste as a priority for its members to reduce [4].

In contrast with construction projects, however, demolition projects generate a greater volume of waste [5]. Consequently, the environmental concern of demolition waste does not only relate to the amount generated, but also its treatment. The commonly used treatment methods in dealing with demolition waste include reuse, recycling and landfill [6, 7]. These treatment methods require waste collection, sorting, transportation, recycling and final disposal. These treatment processes are referred to as the demolition waste life cycle [7–9]. Throughout the steps of treating demolished waste, a significant amount of carbon emissions is emitted as a result of energy utilisation associated with transportation and machine operations [7, 10, 11]. Nevertheless, recycling as an end-of-life treatment strategy bears positive and negative environmental impacts [12], since recycling demolished waste can reduce the extraction of virgin building materials [13]. Since the increase in end-of-life waste considerably impacts the overall construction industry's carbon emissions performance, the industry and practitioners need a low-carbon emission treatment strategy for demolished waste. Therefore, the evaluation of environmental effects associated with end-of-life waste management along with the selection of a low-carbon emission management approach is the response of the building and construction sector to environmental challenges. This evaluation and selection should start with an appropriate quantification method for the life cycle carbon emission of the building demolition waste [4, 14].

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a widely recognised tool used in the evaluation of the environmental performance of a product or procedure over its entire life cycle [15]. Many previous studies relating to a building's life cycle considered one or some specific phases of the life cycle of a building such as material manufacture, construction or use [16, 17]. Other researchers focussed on the assessment of the entire life cycle of a building [18, 19]. Few studies, however, place emphasis on end-of-life carbon emission assessment of the life cycle of a building [20–22]. The quantification of carbon emissions resulting from building demolition waste treatment is mostly ignored [7, 20, 23]. For a clear understanding of the life cycle carbon emission associated with building demolition waste, an in-depth consideration of the processes and activities involved in demolition and treatment of waste is needed.

One of the challenges of conducting an LCA is accurate data acquisition. However, the use of building information modelling (BIM) directly provides data including geometric information, physical attributes and material quantities [24, 25]. The integration of LCA and BIM not only overcomes the need to enter information manually but also combines the strengths of both tools [26, 27]. Thus, BIM provides efficient means of acquiring essential data for carrying out life cycle assessment of buildings, while streamlining the process of data collection [28, 29]. Yet, few studies adopt a BIM-LCA integrated approach in the evaluation of end-of-life carbon emissions [7]. Meanwhile, various past studies have suggested that the building and construction sector can play a vital role in the mitigation of climate change by properly controlling and minimising carbon emissions from construction and demolition activities [30, 31].

The chapter aims to propose an integrated analytical framework based on the LCA model for assessing the impact of the life cycle stages of demolished waste materials,
