**3.3 Circular economy integrating waste management and bio-products supply chain**

A circular economy principle is based on closing the life cycle of a renewable resource [79] by extending its value through exploiting its waste. Local farmers can generate additional income by providing biomass fuels for small local power plants [3]. The circular and bio-economy structures are complementary in terms of maintainability and resource efficiency objectives [26]. The global bio-economy plans place a premium on the sustainable management of organic resources to ensure asset viability and biomass sustainability [80]. Such a circular bio-economy will demand the development of biorefineries in addition to enhanced sustainability measures [81]. PABR (Plant assisted bioremediation) plants are being researched for thermochemical conversion via catalytic fluidized bed gasification, which has the advantage of biomass being recycled in a sustainable way that complies with the circular economy principles [4] <sup>2</sup> . Several studies have demonstrated that comparable syngas quality can be produced from PABR plants in an FBG and the heavy metals are left in

<sup>2</sup> PABR (Plant assisted bioremediation): is a technique to recover soil contaminated by heavy metals and pollutants using plants' potential to extract them

the ash with the aid of catalytic beds [4], which maximizes the positive impact of the plant during its lifecycle.

#### **3.4 Benefits attributed to carbon taxes and incentives**

A carbon tax would give stakeholders in the biomass conversion projects, an incentive in return to efficiently reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Economically, biomass, as a renewable source of energy, attracts various tax benefits from many governments [82]. The steps taken by the EU such as decarbonization (20% GHG emission reduction) and significant renewable energy usage (20% increase) are among the most exemplary with a commitment of 20% upsurge in energy effectiveness by 2020 from 1990 levels [83]. Article 4 of the Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11, lists the support schemes for energy from renewable sources [84].
