**6. Future of modern permanent magnets**

The permanent magnet's role is to provide a magnet field in a substance or vacuum for specific applications. Development of material and technology improved the appropriate need, functionality and flexibility of permanent magnets. Research progress in nanomaterial [24–26] and nanotechnology area meet the future demand of permanent magnet and miniaturization of devices. Further new development in rare earth permanent magnets opens the field of future permanent magnet markets, which plays an important role in a carbon neutral society. Understanding of

cost-effective practical manufacturing process and material incorporation for effective production of permanent magnets contribute to a brighter future for permanent magnet. Following consideration can be taken for the development of new modern permanent magnets, which can be commercialized for future markets [27–29].

	- a.Enhance the existing magnetic material types: manipulation of crystal structure, increased the coercivity and H.
	- b.Materials modification for specific requirement: addition of new materials or change of composition of existing materials.
	- c.Improve the magnet manufacturing technology.
	- d.Develop user friendly magnets.

Search for new magnetic materials having high Curie point, easy-axis-type crystal anisotropy and high saturation magnetization. Nanomaterials combine with the used permanent materials may be an option for new ferromagnetic materials.

C. Manipulation of permanent magnet properties and calculation of theoretical limit

Look for high H magnetic materials, then theoretical calculation can be done ignoring coercive force and anisotropy. It is reported that rare earth addition additions in transition-metal alloys can improve the magnetic properties. Similar avenue can be search for the development of new permanent magnets.

D. Sensitivity of magnet performance

Processing conditions affect magnet manufacturing costs. Cost structures determine the commercialization process. Therefore, proper care should be taken staring from synthesis pathways to application. New tools, technique, experimental method and computational work can provide detail description about the performance of the magnets.
