Contents


Preface

Permanent magnets are powerful magnets that maintain their magnetic properties for a long time. Modern permanent magnets are important for academic research, defense applications, energy technologies, and more. There are several types of permanent magnets, each manufactured differently from different materials with different properties. The method of manufacturing and fabrication of permanent magnets is important for the design and development of new devices and their assembly into functional systems for different applications in different fields. The material used for making a permanent magnet also possesses specific properties such as the high value of coercivity and retentivity; the area of the magnet hysteresis curve should also be large. Permanent magnets can be bonded magnets or polymer-free magnets, with

This book presents an update and overview of the principles and recent developments in various families of permanent magnets. The chapters discuss permanent magnets and their manufacturing processes. They also present the latest research developments in different types of modern permanent magnets, scientific advances in manufacturing techniques, and the applications of magnets, providing insight into

This book contains six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the topic of permanent magnets. Chapter 2 discusses light–matter interaction in 2D magnets. Chapter 3 explains the environmental impact of permanent magnets. Chapters 4 and 5 deal with the hysteresis model and magnetized plasma. Finally, Chapter 6 presents recent advances

This book is a useful resource for students, researchers, academicians, and professionals. It presents a broad range of ideas and proposes possible solutions for the develop-

> **Dipti Ranjan Sahu** Faculty of Health, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Physics,

> > Windhoek, Namibia

School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Natural Resources and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology,

in nanocrystalline permanent magnets of different materials.

rare-earth materials or without them.

the development of future devices.

ment of effective permanent magnets.
