**1. Introduction**

Permanent magnets are found in a wide range of products, from small electronic devices to the largest wind turbines [1]. As their name suggests, permanent magnets are made from materials that can be magnetized and remain magnetized for long periods. The most common permanent magnet materials are iron, nickel, and cobalt. Permanent magnets are an essential component of many modern technologies, and their impact on the environment is both direct and indirect. Direct impacts occur when magnets are manufactured, used, or disposed of. Indirect impacts occur because of the electricity generated by magnet-powered devices [2]. The manufacture of permanent magnets generally relies on mining, which can have a significant impact on the environment [3]. For example, iron mining releases large amounts of dust and other particulates into the air, which can lead to respiratory problems for nearby residents. In addition, the disposal of magnet materials can be difficult, as they are not biodegradable and often contain rare earth metals, which are difficult to recycle.

The use of permanent magnets also has environmental impacts. Magnets are often used in electric motors, which can be a significant source of air pollution [4].
