Meet the editor

Danial Roshandel is an ophthalmologist clinician-scientist. His journey in medicine and medical research started with obtaining an MD from Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, where he graduated as the top-ranked student in 2010 with experience in basic and clinical research in various fields. He completed his ophthalmology training at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran, and graduated

as an eye specialist in 2014. He practiced as a general ophthalmologist specialized in ocular surface disorders for 4 years, during which he treated numerous patients with ocular surface diseases, including dry eye disease, and participated in several research projects involving patients with limbal stem cell deficiency and severe dry eye disease. In 2022, Dr. Roshandel obtained his Ph.D. in Visual Science from the University of Western Australia. He is currently a postdoctoral research fellow at the Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia, and an adjunct research fellow at the Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia. His current research projects are focused on gene therapy for inherited corneal disorders and cell-based therapies for end-stage ocular surface disorders.

## Contents


Preface

Dry eye disease (DED) is one the most common ocular conditions that affects millions of individuals worldwide and poses a significant burden on patients and healthcare systems globally. Despite its prevalence, dry eye disease is often underdiagnosed and undertreated, significantly impacting the quality of life for those afflicted. Characterized by symptoms such as ocular discomfort, pain, irritation, and visual disturbances, DED results from reduced tear production, increased tear evaporation, and/or altered tear composition. In most instances, a combination of these mechanisms causes DED. The underlying causes of DED are diverse and can include age-related changes, hormonal fluctuations, environmental factors, medications, and certain systemic conditions. The growing body of research on DED has led to substantial advancements in our understanding of the pathophysiology and risk factors as well as diagnosis and management of DED. Modern lifestyle habits, such as prolonged screen time and increased exposure to air pollutants, can exacerbate DED symptoms. These discoveries have influenced patient education and led to the development of protective measures. In addition, novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches continue to emerge and are expected to improve quality of life and result

*Recent Advances in Dry Eye Disease* is a collection of chapters authored by expert researchers and clinicians that provides an update on the mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of DED. The chapters are organized into four sections. Section 1, "Introduction", includes Chapter 1, "Introductory Chapter: Recent Advances in the Evaluation and Treatment of Dry Eye Disease ". The chapter is a summary of the risk factors that have been highlighted in recent years, especially in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of corneal imaging and tear-film parameters in the diagnosis and evaluation of DED, and clinical trials using novel treatments including artificial tear drops and topical anti-inflammatory agents. Research on the etiology of DED has continued to evolve, shedding light on new insights and potential contributing factors. In recent years, there have been advancements and emerging areas of interest. Section 2, "Updates on Etiology", provides updates on the mechanisms, risk factors, and etiology of DED in three separate chapters (Chapters 2–4). Chapter 2, "Etiology of Dry Eye ", reviews the etiologies, risk factors, and underlying mechanisms of DED. Computer vision syndrome refers to symptoms that result from prolonged use of video display terminals. It is a common condition in the modern digital age, affecting people of all ages, particularly those who spend extended periods of time in front of digital screens. In Chapter 3, "Computer Vision Syndrome", the authors review the mechanisms, manifestations, and management of computer vision syndrome. Chapter 4, "Dry Eye and Allergic Conjunctivitis", explores the mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of dry eye in patients with allergic conjunctivitis. Section 3, "Updates on Diagnosis", includes Chapter 5, "Corneal Imaging Techniques for Dry Eye Disease", which reviews the applications of conventional and modern corneal imaging techniques in the diagnosis, classification, and evaluation of DED. Novel treatments for DED aim to alleviate symptoms, improve the quality of the tear film, and

in better long-term outcomes.
