*2.2.1 Postoperative nausea and vomiting*

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are important causes of patient dissatisfaction. PONV affects 30–50% of patients [28]. The etiology of PONV is multifactorial. Prophylactic treatment should be given to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. There are several scoring systems for predicting a risk factor for PONV. Koivuranta and Apfel's scoring system is most commonly used [29–31]. A multimodal approach should be considered to prevent PONV. Patients with 1–2 risk factors should be given a two-drug combination as prophylactic antiemetics, whereas 2–3 antiemetics should be given in patients with >2 risk factors. Its grade of recommendation is strong.
