**5.1 5G architecture**

To meet the ever-increasing demand for faster data rates, lower latency, and more dependable connectivity, the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communication networks was developed. This subsection gives an outline of the 5G design, its key parts, and the fundamental innovations that empower its high-level abilities. The 5G architecture can be divided into three main components: the radio access network (RAN), the core network (CN), and the user equipment (UE) as illustrated in **Figure 2** [36].


**Table 3.** *5G versus 4G key features.* *Perspective Chapter: 5G Enabling Technologies – Revolutionizing Transport, Environment... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111671*

The wireless communication between the UE and the CN is the responsibility of the RAN. Beamforming and massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) are two advanced technologies that have been incorporated into 5G's RAN [37]. The RAN can support higher data rates and more simultaneous connections thanks to beamforming and mMIMO, which also reduce latency. 5G's core network (CN) is in charge of data routing and connection management among various network components. Utilizing techniques of network slicing and virtualization, the 5G CN is designed to be more adaptable and scalable than previous generations [38]. It creates customized network configurations for various use cases. The smartphones, tablets, and IoT devices that are connected to the 5G network are referred to as the UE. To fully utilize the capabilities of the network, these devices must support the advanced features of 5G, such as new waveform designs and higher frequency bands [36].

#### **5.2 Key technologies in 5G**

Several key technologies enable the advanced capabilities of 5G networks. Some of these technologies include:


• Beamforming: Beamforming is a method that directs the radio signal in a particular direction to increase signal strength and decrease interference [37]. Beamforming also supports higher frequency bands and increases network capacity in 5G networks.

The goal of the 5G architecture is to meet the growing need for faster data rates, lower latency, and more stable connectivity. 5G networks have the potential to support a wide range of use cases and deliver improved performance by incorporating cutting-edge technologies like beamforming, massive MIMO, and network slicing.
