**8. Developing a policy program to support internationalization**

The Indonesian Ministry of Education Regulation no 26/2007 and Government Regulation number17/2010 have been issued to encourage international cooperation and partnership in the Indonesian higher education sector by establishing the International Office or Office of International Affairs across universities. The function of the international office is to boost all internationalization dimensions from curriculum through to research. To achieve this objective, the first requirement is that there should be a clear case for internationalization. It is not an end but should be recognized for the material and qualitative benefits that are generated for individuals, local communities, and the nation. There is evidence that internationalization supports human capital and social capital development, and in the case of Indonesia contributes to longer-term development goals. Usoh [9] suggested that an internationalization model should include a suite of programs within universities that include:

*"1) human resources development: the quality improvement of the university's human resources will lead to quality graduates and high employability; 2) research*  *development and potential collaboration; 3) skill and labour force; 4) upgrading facilities and infrastructure; 5) training, benchmarking and upgrading staff qualifications; and 6) national and international accreditation improvement."*

An internationalization agenda requires that the key stakeholders contribute and cooperate toward the process. The key stakeholders are the central government; regional governments; universities; and industry. Central government must develop and fund an internationalization agenda. It is important for developing the international and national levels of the agenda. This requires objectives, programs, and engagement. At the central level, international universities can be invited and supported to establish regional campuses and partnerships, including international research in trade and investment agreements, international staff can be funded for short-term appointments, and local staff can be funded to attend international universities to receive post-graduate qualifications, and internationalization can be built into funding and quality assurance models governing universities. Surisno [40] argued that the central government should support the establishment of international branch campuses, and especially encourage "leading" international universities to have a presence in Indonesia.

For regional governments, they can coordinate universities to establish international study and research hubs and provide infrastructure for international staff and students. Cooperation across universities can provide opportunities and resources to share visitors, research, and student programs. Indonesia can raise its profile within the region by cooperating across regional institutions and other national higher education systems within ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) and more fully engage with international agencies to improve standards and to accredit the quality of programs [28].

Individual universities can develop programs and the institutional, program, and personal levels to internationalize the curriculum, organize staff and student exchanges internationally, provide scholarships for staff to acquire international qualifications, and sponsor international scholars for short-term appointments [9]. While the capacity and financial capability of universities differs, individual universities can achieve some internationalization. This could be, for example, through programs of student and staff exchanges; sharing international visitors across campuses in the same city; upgrading the curriculum to include international references and topics; upgrading staff qualifications; and participating in international research and teaching programs.

Industry support is required to assist in developing the curriculum and in identifying those attributes that are required to support graduate employability [19], but beyond this industry, engagement is important in funding and developing joint research with universities and with international agencies and international universities. Industry should be actively engaged with teaching and learning processes, but also with research programs, especially where there are opportunities for international collaboration. In turn, the national government can support university hubs and research clusters such as those found in Malaysia to attract international universities, students, staff, and investors [45].

Technological developments are changing all aspects of university teaching and research. Libraries are digitalized and online, and courses can be taught anywhere at any time through online teaching. Curriculum and teaching can be outsourced. Technology has transformed the sector, and the challenge is effectively utilize the technology to support core HE functions. Given the ongoing globalization of the

*Challenges and Opportunities to Internationalize the Indonesian Higher Education Sector DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110658*

sector, the market for HE is changing. It is not confined to post-school entrants, it is not confined to degree programs, it is not confined to local students, and it is not confined to local face-to-face delivery [3]. The globalization of the sector opens both opportunities and challenges for universities. McKinsey [3] stated that:

*"From 2011 to 2021, the number of learners reached by massive open online courses (MOOCs) increased from 300,000 to 220 million. Between 2012 and 2019, the number of hybrid and distance-only students4 at traditional universities increased by 36 percent, while the circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 rapidly accelerated that growth by an additional 92 percent".*

McKinsey and Co. [3] went on to comment on the growth in the number of new for-profit providers in the sector in North America that are funded by venture capital. Implicitly, the sector is about to undergo a major structural transformation. For Indonesian universities, the challenge is to adapt and develop the potential of the technologies and to meet the potential global competition from online providers. This will require government and industry support, additional investment in IT and training, and extensive and reliable IT networks.
