**2. Business intelligence**

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in intelligence activities such as business intelligence, competitive intelligence, and artificial intelligence. In this section, we choose to highlight the need for organizations to build dynamic capabilities by using technologies especially, business intelligence, which helps them to be more competitive and innovative [27].

Business intelligence is a concept that emerged in the early 1970s when transactional information systems could not help managers make decisions. This weakness spurred the development of a set of tools and techniques based on advanced algorithms to process data faster to achieve organizational goals [28]. New decision-support information systems have enabled companies to process large volumes of data requiring rapid storage and access [29]. In their comprehensive literature review, [30] view business intelligence as a combination of policies, processes, cultures, and technologies used to store, manipulate, and analyze data. In addition, four main steps characterize business intelligence: system sources, data acquisition, data warehouse, and reporting and analysis [31, 32].

From another perspective, business intelligence is an umbrella term that can also be defined as a set of data aggregation processing methods from different departments such as marketing, sales, human resources, and finance that assists executives in decision-making [33]. For a long time, data related to different disciplines existed within organizations without being well leveraged. In addition, the emergence of new technologies has greatly contributed to flooding businesses with massive and varied data, which required a tool to help integrate, store, and analyze data in order to create information and knowledge for decision-making. Business intelligence's main role is to transform data into information, then into knowledge and action [34]. To this end, it is relevant to distinguish between information and knowledge. According to [35], information is factual; it refers to a set of numbers, statistics, and scattered data, among others, on people, and companies, while knowledge is a set of information that has been filtered, analyzed, and then implemented. In the same vein, [36, 37] report that knowledge is the richest form of information. For these authors, knowledge is a set of information on a given subject, which has been interpreted, reformulated, and put into action by an individual based on his expertise and prior knowledge.
