**6. What is the internationalization of higher education?**

Internationalization differs from globalization, but they have linked processes. Internationalization of higher education is a process of integrating international/ intercultural elements across all elements of a university's operations including teaching, research, service functions, and community engagement [9]. Gao [39] suggests that there are six dimensions of internationalization. For each dimension, there are several indicators. The six dimensions with example indicators are research (number and share of international researchers); students (number and share of international students); staff (number and share with international credentials); curriculum (joint degree programs with international universities); governance (international presence on- and offshore); and engagement (international networks and partnerships).

Internationalization is a response to the impact and processes of globalization, where the HE sector responds to the globalization of the economy, the society, and the labor market through systematic programs that aim to incorporate internationalization into all the key university processes [9]. Internationalization can benefit universities by improving national and international recognition, developing strategic partnerships, expanding academic networks, generating knowledge, improving learning outcomes, increasing research output and quality, and leading to national and international funding opportunities. Internationalization can integrate higher education systems into a global framework, produce graduates with a global vision and multicultural skills, improve the international exchange of staff and students, and build global partnerships [9].

Internationalization not only contributes to enhanced global recognition and standing, but it also supports the core functions of universities. There are multiple manifestations of internationalization that include having staff with international qualifications, publishing in international peer-reviewed journals, having international research partnerships, developing international staff and student exchanges, developing teaching, and learning processes that include international and multicultural elements, recruiting international students and engaging with alumni who are internationally based. Internationalization can potentially permeate through all functions of a university.

The process of internationalization requires a national approach to supporting partnerships with international universities, attracting international students and staff, becoming integrated into regional university networks, establishing research and university hubs, supporting the upgrading of staff qualifications, and "internationalizing" the curriculum [28, 40]. Leadership and investment nationally can support a process that gradually transforms the HE sector toward internationalization.

The Directorate General of Higher Education for Indonesia has emphasized the need for university internationalization through the Long-Term Strategy of Higher Education in 2003–2010 that indicated that universities were expected to improve competitiveness and quality so that they can compete globally [9]. This, in turn, is supported by a national program to establish minimum standards across the sector that include standards for content, processes, staff, infrastructure, management, financing, and program assessment [41].

For Indonesia, internationalization of the university sector is in its infancy. The university rating systems reveal that Indonesian universities have comparatively low rates of publication, especially in peer-reviewed journals. There are few staff with international post-graduate qualifications and there are few international students studying in Indonesia. Indonesia had 53,604 students studying abroad according to UNESCO [23]. The top three destinations were Australia, Malaysia, and the USA. International student enrolments in Indonesia have risen steadily to 7700 students, representing less than one percent of tertiary students in 2018. The largest share of foreign tertiary students studying in Indonesia comes from Myanmar. To date, there is one foreign university operating in Indonesia, Monash University from Australia, which opened a campus in 2022 [42].
