**3. Ambiguity of employment status**

The ambiguity of nature deliverers' employment status poses a problem to the agencies in charge of OSH enforcement and management, such as DOSH in enforcing OSH laws on all P-hailing service-providing companies. This situation also leads provider companies to not emphasize OSH management for their freelance deliverers, with their stand being that the deliverers are not their employees. Thus, the unclear status of the freelance contracts between deliverers and providers has also contributed to a low enforcement of OSH policies, with providers stating that since deliverers themselves are vendors, they are responsible for their own safety, health, and welfare. As per stipulated in the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, a self-employed need to secure their own safety and health while performing his/her job or tasks [25].

Since gig riders are part of an informal economy like other gig workers, they may lack access to paid or sick leave, social protection, and income protection like other employers even though they are registered with P-hailing service providers.
