**4. Vascular access**

There are three types of vascular access. These are arteriovenous fistula, arteriovenous graft, and central venous catheters. Each of these has its uses and advantages and disadvantages. Vascular access is the lifeline for patients in need of hemodialysis. "*Updates on Hemodialysis*" reviews the basics of perioperative anesthetic management, including the choice of anesthesia method, pre-anesthesia preparation, intraoperative and postoperative management, and the effect of choice of anesthesia on the outcomes. In addition, "*Updates on Hemodialysis*" updates the reader on recent innovations in central venous catheter's tip and coating designs, newer arteriovenous fistula access techniques, including a percutaneous endovascular method, innovations in arteriovenous graft, including drug-eluting devices that may reduce neointimal hyperplasia and bioengineered blood vessels, and arteriovenous graft/central venous catheter device, which enables bypassing vessel stenoses.

The "*Updates on Hemodialysis*" book aims at reviewing and updating the reader on understanding type, source, classification of uremic toxins, and ways of their
