**5. Conclusion**

Innovations in CVCs, AVFs, and AVGs over the last several decades have revolutionized care for patients needing long-term dialysis. The main challenges in assuring adequate hemodialysis access include timing and logistics of obtaining an AVF, preventing access stenosis and thrombosis, and preventing infection. The abovementioned innovations are cornerstones in improving quality of care in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Overall, more research into the efficacy of these innovations, as well as larger comparative trials, are needed to gain the public's trust and bring these innovations into the mainstream. However, the wealth of literature
