*2.2.3 Seizures*

It occurs in <10% of patients during dialysis and tends to be generalized. Focal seizure warrants evaluation for focal neurological cause [10].

Causes of seizure during haemodialysis include:

1.Drugs: erythropoietin, dialytic removal of anti-epileptics.

2.Metabolic: hypoglycaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesemia and hypernatremia.

3.Uremic encephalopathy.

4.Focal neurologic disease: haemorrhage.

5.Other: cardiac arrhythmia and hypertensive encephalopathy.

Treatment may require cessation of dialysis, maintenance of airway, i.v lorazepam and subsequent investigations.

*2.2.4 Headache*

It is one of the common complications during haemodialysis with a prevalence of 27–73% and consists of bilateral frontal discomfort that is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, but no visual disturbance [11].

Etiopathogenesis is not completely understood.

Management strategy includes:

Optimization of haemodialysis, avoidance of caffeine and blood pressure control. However, no drugs have been compared in randomized trials to prevent dialysisrelated headaches.
