*1.4.3 Coagulation panel*

Patients with chronic or end-stage renal disease may have coagulopathy due to platelet dysfunction, decreased coagulation factors, and/or fragile capillary vessels. Additionally, if the patients have uncontrolled atrial fibrillation and cerebrovascular and/or peripheral vascular disease, they have chronic anticoagulation treatment such as warfarin and/or antiplatelet therapy such as aspirin or clopidogrel. Patients are usually instructed to temporally hold oral anticoagulants prior to the procedure, but occasionally it is not carried out. In this situation, there may be additional limitations to the surgery or could necessitate canceling/rescheduling the procedure. In the case of a prolonged bleeding time or elevated INR, a regional nerve block may be contraindicated due to risk of bleeding complications with hematoma formation and nerve compression.
