*10.5.2 Clinical aspects of neoplasia*

Both benign and malignant tumors may produce clinical features through their various effects on host.

Local effects:-.

These are due to encroachment on adjacent structures.


"Rupture" or infarction of tumor. Functional effects:-. These include:

• Hormonal effects: It may be observed both in benign and malignant tumors of endocrine glands, for example, B-cell adenoma of the pancreas may produce insulin -› to cause fatal hypoglycemia.


#### **Table 10.**

*Paraneoplastic syndiomes.*

