**1. Introduction**

Vitamins are essential organic compounds that the body does not synthesize on its own. Consequently, it is necessary to obtain vitamins from dietary sources and supplements on a daily basis [1]. These vital nutrients play a crucial role in facilitating carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism while also promoting healthy bodily growth, bolstering immune defenses against infections, and aiding digestive functions [2]. The human body relies on vitamins in small amounts to perform crucial functions, such as metabolism, immune response, and cognitive development. Vitamins can be categorized into two groups: fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. One of the water-soluble vitamins is vitamin C [3–5].

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, has garnered significant attention in the fields of medicine and nutrition over the years. Its vital biological functions and far-reaching health effects have made it a subject of continuous research and interest among healthcare professionals and scientists. This essential nutrient is naturally present in numerous plants and fruits and plays a crucial role in maintaining overall

health. These include collagen synthesis and growth, wound healing processes, bone formation facilitation, immune system enhancement, iron absorption promotion, maintenance of blood vessel integrity, and functioning as an effective antioxidant. The absence of sufficient amounts of this vitamin in the diet can lead to a deficiency condition known as scurvy. Symptoms associated with scurvy may manifest as swollen and bleeding gums, tooth loss or decay due to weakened connective tissues around teeth roots, delayed wound healing processes, and hindered tissue growth [6].

The history of vitamin C research dates back to the eighteenth century, but its isolation and identification as a distinct vitamin occurred in the early twentieth century. Throughout this period, research has delved into the multifaceted roles of vitamin C in various biological functions, ranging from bolstering the immune system to promoting skin health, facilitating tissue repair, and aiding in iron absorption. Furthermore, vitamin C stands out for its remarkable antioxidant properties, effectively mitigating cellular damage induced by free radicals [7, 8].

This chapter aims to consolidate the current body of knowledge and research on vitamin C. Initially, it provides fundamental information about the chemical structure and synthesis of vitamin C and its biological functions within the body. Subsequently, the chapter evaluates the multifaceted role of vitamin C as a powerful antioxidant. Finally, we explore recent research findings concerning vitamin C and identify potential avenues for future investigations. In essence, this chapter offers an overview of vitamin C, contributing to a better understanding of its pivotal role in health and nutrition.
