**4. Parkinson's disease**

Parkinson's disease (PD) is recognized as the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder following Alzheimer's disease (AD) [23, 24]. PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the basal ganglia, leading to a depletion of dopamine levels and subsequent neurodegeneration. Dopamine also plays a crucial role in other brain regions, such as the striatum, which is involved in the regulation of the frontal brain's motor system [5]. Clinical manifestations observed in individuals with Parkinson's include tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, genitourinary disorders, autonomic dysfunction, and speech difficulties. Additionally, symptoms like depression, psychiatric disorders, hallucinations, and insomnia are commonly observed. PD is influenced by various factors, including lifestyle, environmental factors, age, and pre-existing conditions [5, 24]. Oxidative damage is recognized as a key contributor to the pathogenesis of PD, and VC has demonstrated protective effects against disease progression [6]. The use of VC supplementation as an adjuvant therapy has garnered significant attention in individuals with neurodegenerative diseases, including AD and PD [10].
