**1. Introduction**

The spectacular developments recorded in the field of software engineering over the years have directly led to the influx of the software industry with series of computer apps such as dating apps, loan apps, games apps, entertainment (or music) apps, image editing apps, cloud data storage apps, messaging (or messenger) apps, discord apps, virtual workspace apps; password managing apps, scanning apps, antivirus apps, backup apps, video streaming apps, TV shows apps, codes and scripting apps, language learning apps, banking apps, cloud apps, presentation apps, reminders apps; apps for apps designers, Photoshop apps, meetings (or virtual) conferencing apps,

zip file apps and task-management apps [1, 2]. The beauty of these computer apps is that significant numbers of them are widely available and accessible to adults and juveniles to download and easily navigate through them. Nonetheless, market research has shown the existence of malware apps that are identified as new groups of computer apps that are strongly competing with legitimate computer apps in the software industry in recent time [3–5].

Serious dilemma has also been expressed in recent years on the fact that the scales of the operations and the levels of data security that companies and their respective service providers can jointly offer to customers (users of their services) across the globe are not the same. These tropical issues have pointed out the likelihood of future debates on the usage of criminal laws and or civic laws to adjudge corporate liability and the impact of overseas jurisdictions in criminal proceedings regarding juvenile committed crimes with offshore (or onshore) malware apps. Besides, juvenile crimes are long-standing social problems but the recent surveys have further compounded the problems [3, 4, 6]. Several empirical conclusions have now shown that the above advancements are facing serious threats and firm criticisms across the globe given the prevalent cases and sudden surge in the menace at which some juveniles can now adopt malware apps to commit crimes [7, 8].

Fundamentally, contemporary studies believe that juvenile is a social concept to describe adolescent or the characteristics of children and young people that have not fully attained the age of maturity [9, 10]. Children that are below the age of 18 are mostly categorized as juveniles in most societies [11]. A crime is defined as an act that is prescribed to be unlawful by statutes or criminal laws of a state or country [12–14]. Therefore, juvenile crimes connote unlawful acts that are committed by the children below the age of 18 years in the society [15, 16]. Malware apps are malicious software apps that are purposely created to have intrusive or criminally-minded motives. Malware apps, malicious software apps and malicious apps will be interchangeably used to connote the same concept in this chapter. Studies have further raised classical deliberations concerning the underlying motives of the designers of malware apps and their users. Studies on the capabilities of malware apps have shown that they can corrupt, explore, delete, deface, swindle and steal resources or personal details of another people. Some malware apps intend to distort the clarity of pictures and render them blurred. Empirical studies on software engineering have shown that malware apps can mute telephone conversations and suddenly turn them to be speechless or voiceless. It is a well-established fact that malicious software apps can make audio conversations inaudible to the participants in virtual conferences, virtual interview and virtual lectures. Another classical issue here is that the victims of various crimes that some juvenile can commit with malware apps may impact on just a person, two persons, more than two persons and more than one governmental body.

Several topical studies in the domains of criminal laws have also substantiated and categorically stated that juvenile crimes are social problems [10, 15]. Tropical issues in criminal laws have led to broad explanations of various elements of crimes and several considerations required charging or acquainting the suspects that are alleged of crimes over the years. However, apart from the fact that the concept of juvenile crimes committed with malware apps are emerging issues in the global society, there are clearly invalidated studies that have substantiated the correlations between the elements of these kind of crimes and the circumstances that surround the vulnerable children that may be alleged of the crimes, even in recent years [17]. The problems with these challenges are enormous. For instance, the actual causes and determinants of the above crimes are prone to oversight. The fear is that failure of some parents,
