**3. The fundamentals of juvenile crimes committed with malware apps**

The crime itself and its elements are two inclusive components of juvenile crimes with malware apps. Unlawful acts that can constitute juvenile crimes are subsets of cybercrimes [7]. Studies on minor offenders converge and affirm that juvenile offenders are mostly tried in juvenile courts [15]. Cybercrimes are various crimes that perpetrators commit by means of digital devices (such as computers and mobile phones) and Internet facility. However, most studies on juvenile crimes that relate to cybercrimes are inexplicit and they are often reserved on the various manners that vulnerable children can be accused of breaking (or to have attempted to break) cyber laws with malware apps [11]. Rather, most contemporary studies simply treat and group the majority of the children that are alleged of cybercrimes as minor offenders (or minors that are suspects of cybercrimes).

Investigations of crime and the outcomes of the proceedings of criminal courts can be used to classify juveniles that are held as suspects of crimes committed with malware apps [10]. Basically, an offender is a term that represents a lawbreaker, delinquent or criminal. Thus, juveniles are treated as minor offenders in criminal courts [17]. A child that has been proved by courts of competent jurisdiction to have contravened cyber law(s) for the first time is known as first-time offender in cybercrime. In the same way, a child that has been proved by courts of competent jurisdiction to have consistently contravened any section of cyber laws is often called habitual offender in cybercrimes. In terms of recovery strategy, the above two groups of juvenile offenders obviously require different therapeutic interventions. In effect, rehabilitative and punitive interventions for the above settings must be commensurate to the offenses committed by offenders in order to strictly comply with Human Right laws.
