**2. Methodology and results**

There is one transport solution that can cope with the demands placed on land transport much cheaper and better than the above set of transport solutions currently being developed and implemented. It shifts most passenger and freight traffic from road to rail without any restrictions, effectively replaces continental air transport with rail transport up to a distance of about 3000 km, removes the problems of parking and congestion in and between cities, makes rail self-financing, increases speed, comfort and safety, makes land transport independent of fossil fuels and, in cooperation with renewable sources of electricity, makes it carbon-free. And brings many other benefits.

This solution is called ComplexTrans [1–4] and is based on the mutual adaptation of road and rail vehicles and their deep cooperation with each other and with renewable electricity and on exploiting the synergy of all systems working together (**Figure 1**).

ComplexTrans deals with private and public door-to-door transport of people and goods within and between cities, using almost exclusively electricity for propulsion. Whilst local transport is carried out by road, long-distance transport is mainly carried out by rail. A variant of long-distance transport is the use of the road, with electricity supplied to the vehicles by interchangeable range-extenders powered by hydrogen, synthetic fuel or, temporarily, fossil fuels.

#### **Figure 1.**

*ComplexTrans "takes everything"—people, cars, transport modules, wagons—like an "overland ferry".*
