**7.3 Considerations regarding the sustainability and scalability of polyphenol extraction**

As the demand for polyphenols rises, it is crucial that extraction processes consider sustainability and scalability, particularly for industrial applications. Important factors include:

The development of environmentally favourable extraction techniques that minimise solvent usage, energy consumption, and refuse production is crucial. Bashari et al. [41] and Chiorcea-Paquim et al. [42] report that subcritical water extraction, solid phase extraction, and green solvents contribute to the sustainability of polyphenol extraction.

Utilising by-products generated during the extraction process, such as fruit husks, pomace, and seed residues, reduces waste and improves the economic viability of extraction. The overall sustainability of the process can be improved by extracting polyphenols from these by-products [43, 44].

Life Cycle Assessment: Conducting life cycle assessments (LCAs) of polyphenol extraction processes allows for the evaluation of environmental impacts throughout the entire lifecycle, from the production of primary materials to extraction and refuse management. LCAs provide insightful information for optimising processes and making informed decisions [45, 46].
