**Bradford assay**

A Bradford assay was performed to determine total protein concentrations. For each sample, standard or blank (Milli-Q water), 10 μL was pipetted into a microplate well in triplicate. Into each microplate well, 300 μL of Bradford reagent from Thermo Fisher was added and mixed for 30 seconds on a shaker and then incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Absorption was measured at 595 nm with a microplate reader (*Thermo Fisher Multi-scan FC*). The average from the triplicate Blank was then subtracted from all other measurements and a 4PL standard curve generated from a pre-diluted Pierce™ Bovine Gamma Globulin (BGG) from Thermo Fisher with a concentration range of 125 μg/mL – 2000 μg/mL. The standard curve is then used to determine the total protein concentration of each unknown sample.
