*2.2.1 Advantages of vacuum drying method*


#### **Figure 4.** *Vacuum dryer.*

	- 1.*Cost*: Vacuum drying equipment is expensive and may not be feasible for smallscale production.
	- 2.*Maintenance*: Vacuum drying equipment requires regular maintenance to ensure proper operation and prevent contamination.
	- 3.*Complex process*: Vacuum drying is a complex process that requires expertise and specialized equipment.
	- 4.*Limited capacity*: Vacuum drying may not be suitable for large-scale production due to its limited capacity.
	- 1.*Drying of APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients)*: Vacuum drying is commonly used for drying APIs, especially those that are sensitive to high temperatures [18, 19].
	- 2.*Drying of excipients*: Excipients are the inactive ingredients used in pharmaceutical formulations. Vacuum drying is used to remove moisture from excipients to prevent degradation or clumping.
	- 3.*Drying of finished dosage forms*: Vacuum drying is used for drying finished dosage forms, such as tablets or capsules, after they are coated with a protective layer.
	- 4.*Drying of raw materials*: Vacuum drying is used to dry raw materials, such as herbs or plant extracts, before they are used in the manufacturing process.
