**7. Future research directions in polyphenol extraction for lipid quality enhancement**

The goal of ongoing research into polyphenol extraction is to further enhance the process's efficacy, sustainability, and scalability. The following are possible directions for future research in this field:

Enzyme-assisted extraction, intermittent electric fields, and pressurised liquid extraction are a few of the novel extraction techniques being investigated by scientists. These techniques offer benefits such as reduced extraction time, increased yield, and improved bioavailability of polyphenols [41, 42].

Further optimisation of extraction parameters, such as solvent selection, extraction time, temperature, and pressure, can assist in maximising polyphenol yield and quality. Design of experiments (DoE) and response surface methodology (RSM) are important optimisation tools for these extraction procedures [28, 38].

#### **7.1 Advances in encapsulation techniques**

Encapsulation of polyphenols can enhance stability and bioavailability, allowing them to be incorporated into a wider array of lipid-based products. For the development of effective delivery systems, nanoparticles, microencapsulation, and emulsion based systems are of interest [27, 39].

#### **7.2 Exploration of underutilised sources**

Research into underutilised plant sources abundant in polyphenols can increase the availability of renewable resources for extraction. By utilising these sources,

researchers can discover novel polyphenols with distinct properties and optimise extraction techniques [30, 40].
