**3. Continuous, sustainable, and cost-effective process**

Spray drying presents clear advantages over freeze drying, especially regarding great scalability capabilities and automation options. It has the potential of making the preservation process more economical.

### **3.1 Continuous system**

A continuous process system with a sample bag connection design at a laboratory scale that was set up in-house is shown below in **Figure 4**. The protein liquid in a sterile bag, retrieved straight from the final downstream process filtration, can be fed directly into the spray dryer, surpassing the need for further formulation with the addition of excipients. After the process, the output powder assembles into the collection vessel, which can then be aliquoted into smaller dosages of powder samples for storage.
