**5. Conclusions**

Over the course of the past four decades, a great amount of knowledge has been gained in application of legumes as APS in aquafeeds, leading to a better comprehension regarding the impacts of these APPS on overall performance of different cultured species. Herbivorous and omnivorous fish and crustacean species have a great potential in utilization of legumes in their diets. Moreover, carnivorous species have mostly adapted to legumes-protein rich aquafeeds. However, in order to enhance the efficiency of legumes-protein based aquafeeds for carnivorous fish, further innovations and development is required by considering the cultured animal species and feed ingredients for increasing adaptability of cultured aquatic species to legumes. These innovations can be carried out in different aspects such as use of novel feedstuffs, eradication and/or reducing ANF, application of feed additives and use of precise feed formulations. The application of genetic engineering in legumes could result in the production of strains with low levels of ANF and make them appropriate for legumes-protein based aquafeeds. In addition, supplementing aquafeeds with functional feed additives can improve the efficiency of legumes for aquaculture nutrition. Using nutritional programming and applying genetic engineering also other novel strategies to provide new fish and crustacean strains with high capacity in acceptance and utilization of legumes in aquafeeds. Further studies are required to increase the efficiency of legumes in aquafeeds to support growth, health and welfare of cultured species.

*Legumes Research - Volume 2*
