Introductory Chapter: Air Pollution – Understanding Its Causes, Effects, and Solutions

*Murat Eyvaz, Ahmed Albahnasawi and Motasem Y.D. Alazaiza*

### **1. Introduction**

Air pollution is a significant environmental and public health issue that affects millions of people worldwide. It is caused by a variety of human activities, including industrial processes, transportation, and energy production, among others. The problem is particularly severe in urban areas, where population density and economic activity contribute to high levels of pollution. Air pollution can have significant health impacts, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, among others. In addition to its impact on human health, air pollution can also have adverse effects on the environment, including on plant and animal species and ecosystems.

Air pollution levels vary greatly between regions and countries and are influenced by a range of factors such as climate, topography, and population density. In urban areas, air pollution is often higher due to the concentration of anthropogenic sources, such as traffic, industry, and power generation. For example, a study conducted in Beijing, China, found that the city's air pollution was primarily caused by the burning of fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas [1].

Air pollution is also a major environmental concern in developing countries, where industrial activities and transportation infrastructure are expanding rapidly. In India, for instance, air pollution is estimated to cause over one million premature deaths each year [2]. The country has implemented several measures to address air pollution, including the National Clean Air Program, which aims to reduce particulate matter concentrations by 20–30% by 2024 [3].

This book aims to provide an overview of the current state of air pollution and the latest developments in this field. It covers a range of topics, including the sources and types of air pollutants, their effects on human health and the environment, and the policies and technologies aimed at reducing emissions and improving air quality. It is intended for students, researchers, policymakers, and anyone interested in understanding and addressing this critical environmental issue.
