**9. Manual therapy for musculoskeletal disorders**

Physical therapists have made significant achievements to the current diversity in manual therapy approaches and procedures. Manual therapy has a lengthy history within the physical therapy profession. In the past, mechanical justifications were employed to describe how manual therapy techniques functioned. Intricate neurophysiologic mechanisms are also at work, according to recent study, and offering hands-on assessment and intervention has been shown to have positive psychological impacts [59].


## **9.1 Manual therapy frameworks: Maitland manual therapy**

System of Prescription: Joints, muscles and nervous tissue in both the spine and peripheral joints. Area: Observing the symptoms and using the most effective therapy strategy are more crucial than figuring out the root cause of the dysfunction right away:

Additionally seeks to resolve a specific functional issue by eradicating discomfort, regaining joint mobility, and restoring normal muscle tension. Treatment Methods: Rhythmic, passive, painless movements introduced into the tissue (mobilizations) and rapid movements (manipulations) (**Figure 12**).

## **9.2 McKenzie manual therapy**

System of Prescription: Spine-healing therapy utilizing patient movement that is active, supported by movement, and passive.

Area: Spine.

Treatment Approaches: The patient and the therapist are searching for a movement pattern that, after a few repetitions, shows a meaningful improvement (**Figure 13**).
