**6. Conclusions**

Uracil, a non-canonical DNA base, has been identified as one of the major bases misincorporated into DNA either through the process of cytosine deamination or through the introduction by DNA polymerase. The presence of uracil in DNA, while important for specific adaptive and innate immune functions, in other contexts threatens genetic stability and continuity, where dysregulated genomic uracil levels has been linked to various disease, including cancer. Several key enzymes have been identified to collaborate in maintaining uracil-free DNA through modulation of uracil levels within the cell by dUTPase, as well as the uracil-DNA glycosylase family (UNG, SMUG1, TDG, MBD4), who function to recognize and excise uracil from DNA, where UNG1 and UNG2 are the most competent and widely used for uracil misincorporation in DNA.
