**4. MFGM as key strategy in infant food (IF) formulation**

In recent decades, formulations of infant and neonatal foods have introduced several new components and modifications to enhance its functional health performance to mimic human milk. Major changes in the IF that has been successfully introduced are supplementation of prebiotics (FOS and GOS) [27, 28], probiotics [29–31], docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) [32], meat protein [33], plant protein (pea and soy protein) [34], taurine [35], MFGM [7, 36], polyamines [37, 38], folates [39] and osteopontin [40]. Even though many of these modifications are being carried out, very little knowledge is known to us on human milk's minor bioactive compounds that are essential for the neonatal development on long and short term studies.

Sometimes, supplementation of IF with bioactive compounds as same in human milk can cause adverse effects on infant growth and nutrition. Example, addition of opioid protein (beta-casomorphin) in IF can cause life threatening events due to its exogenous nature. Adaptation of infants and biosimulation of metabolic activities in infant digestion can be responsible for this condition [41]. Still now the regulation on fortification or supplementation of bioactive compounds in IF and nutrition was not standardized globally. However, fortification of MFGM was profitably done and studied for their effect on health benefits in many infants. Animal and human studies of commercially available MFGM formula and their outcomes are tabulated in **Table 2**.
