**5. Diagnosis of human brucellosis**

Given the large variety of clinical symptoms, most of which are nonspecific, it is impossible to make an accurate clinical diagnosis of human brucellosis; instead, it is required to achieve serological and bacteriological testing, in order to decrease diagnostic errors.

#### **5.1 Culture**

Confirmation of disease via culture is considered the gold standard but is not always possible. Clinical samples from sites of the disease's focus, such as bone marrow, spleen, synovial fluid, and abscesses, can be tested for the presence of *Brucella.* Whole blood is typically the biological material of choice for isolating *Brucella*. The following conditions are necessary for cultural isolation to be successful [32]:

