**Abstract**

Neuroendoscopic techniques have been used to treat hydrocephalus for more than 100 years. With the personalized design of surgical approaches, increased knowledge of ventricular anatomy, and improved neuroendoscopic equipment, the last 20 years have witnessed tremendous advances in the development of neuroendoscopic technology, especially in the treatment of hydrocephalus. Except for obstructive hydrocephalus, the application of neuroendoscopic technology in the field of hydrocephalus is also expanding and has received good results, mainly in the fields of pediatric hydrocephalus and communicating hydrocephalus. Additionally, many scholars have achieved satisfactory results in the application of ventriculoscopy to complex hydrocephalus. Among neuroendoscopic techniques, the third ventricular floor fistula and cyst wall fistula methods are commonly used in the treatment of hydrocephalus and are highlighted in this chapter. Undoubtedly, neuroendoscopic technology has become one of the key treatment methods for hydrocephalus, with its high success rate, few complications, and accurate long-term efficacy.

**Keywords:** hydrocephalus, neuroendoscopic, endoscopic third ventriculostomy, fenestration, loculated hydrocephalus
