**2. History**

The foundation of TMS is inspired by the ideas of Luigi Galvani, an Italian doctor, and Michael Faraday, a British physicist. The former first experimented the electrical stimulation of muscles and nerve fibers in the late eighteenth century while the latter in 1831 discovered that the relationship of electrical energy and magnetic field was

reciprocal [1, 2]. Based on their theories, researchers had tried to study the effects of electromagnetic stimulation of brain, but most attempts were in vane due to technical limitations [3]. It was not until 1985 when Anthony Barker, a British engineer from the University of Sheffield, presented to the world about his invention of the first practical electromagnetic stimulation device for human use and his successful demonstration of the influence of electromagnetic stimulation on motor cortex of the human brain [4]. He and his associates placed a single Faraday coil to the scalp above the left cerebral motor strip of the subject to induce movement in the right hand. The outfit of the device was showed in **Figure 1** [4]. Though this machine was slow in charging and the elevation of temperature of the coil limited its repetitive uses, it marked the start of modern TMS era.

Based on his inventions, researches were done to expand clinical applications of TMS. In 1995, the first pilot clinical trial was published reporting the results of TMS in treatment of depression [5]. In 2002, Canadian Association of Health approved the medical results and benefits of repetitive TMS (rTMS) [6]. The first The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of TMS was given in 2008 in treatment of depression [3]. In 2009, FDA also approved TMS for cortical mapping. Since late 1990s, applications of TMS on neurological rehabilitation and treatment of different neurological diseases have been the focus of researches. TMS on motor rehabilitation and dysphasia is gaining more and more support from evidences in literature [7–10]. With advancement in technology, introduction of navigated TMS provides more precise application of TMS in mapping and treatment.
