**4. Conclusion and future perspectives**

Although the complex mechanisms between gut dysbiosis and the etiology and progression of numerous systemic diseases are not fully understood and there are clear indications that gut homeostasis is very important. Future research is needed addressing also animal models and clinical trials to restore the microflora normal balance and gut mucosal barrier integrity in order to maintain health. As microbiomics develops as an equivalent of human genomics and the microbiome is seen as a second genome in the human body considered nowadays as a holobiont (the host organism and its microbiome), one can consider this as a very promising future step toward precision medicine. The continuous development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies will allow us to gain new insights and perspectives about how to influence and modulate the microbiome through noninvasive procedures, such as prebiotics, probiotics, and dietary lifestyle changes.
