**5. Conclusions**

Gut microbiota has an important role in the health and etiology and pathogenesis of chronic diseases. Future research on gut microbiome in chronic disease should be aimed to clarify the association between gut microbiota dysbiosis and disease pathogenesis. Diet, probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation can be used for gut microbiota modulation. Research on gut microbiota and its role in health and disease constantly brings new knowledge, which in the foreseeable future will significantly streamline not only prevention but also supportive therapy of many chronic diseases. New strategies such as personalized and targeted modulation of gut microbiota are emerging based on analysis of the patient's microbiome, metabolome, and clinical data. They will result in the application of beneficial microorganisms, their consortia, and metabolites to address the specific problem for specific people. The analysis of the patient's gut microbiota could also serve for early diagnosis in people at risk of chronic disease, and intervention can be made that will prevent chronic disease from occurring.
