**7. Conclusions**

For many years, studies and discussions on the effects of stress on plants have dominated the headlines. However, because of the discussion's main emphasis on the physiology and antioxidant system of plants, essential cell activities are frequently overlooked. However, given that a significant number of genes and proteins are *de novo* generated in response to stress and must be transported to their correct locations, this is a crucial problem to investigate. Understanding trafficking processes and proteins linked with transport is crucial in this situation. The major "sensor" for stress is thought to be the ER, where the stress responses begin and from which proteins and signals are either transported to other parts of the cell or destroyed. Given its various dimensions and functions, the vacuole is also crucial to this process. As a result, one of the key mechanisms in plant defense and cellular homeostasis is the transit of vesicles between the ER and the vacuole. According to a recent study, in which it was demonstrated that the Golgi is hypertrophied and associated with high vesiculation in plants under stress using Transmission Electron Microscopy [4], the high amount of proteins and molecules newly produced will likely cause saturation of the Golgi trafficking pathways. In this case, the ER is directly connected to the vacuole, which is a speedier path and can be thought of as an escape from the gridlock that started between the ER, Golgi, and prevacuolar compartments. In fact, it appears that stress or other challenging conditions are connected to these atypical pathways to the vacuole or the plasma membrane. We still have a long way to go before we fully understand the mechanisms underlying these pathways and how they are regulated, but the first steps are being made, and in the near future, we anticipate having a clearer picture of the process and a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant tolerance and adaptation to stress.
