**3.6 Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs)**

Cerium oxide NPs could help *Sorghum bicolor* to cope with drought stress by inducing oxidative stress by catalytically neutralizing ROS and maintaining the photosynthetic activity and grain yield [80]. The foliar spray of nanoceria dramatically decreased free radicals (H2O2 and superoxide) under drought conditions, for instance, by 36 and 41%, respectively. ROS-scavenging enzymes were shown to be more active in plants exposed to drought: POD (54%), SOD (94%), and CAT (117%). The rate of pollen germination, carbon absorption, and seed output per plant was improved by 38, 31, and 31%, respectively. Different reports summarizing the effects of a number of nanoparticles on different plant species and their physiological responses under drought stress are discussed in **Table 2**.
