**5. Conclusions and future prospects**

MIR is a low-cost type of IR and has a positive effect from an ecological point of view. However, still, open questions require particular attention, among which is why infection by AM fungi does not elicit a defense response in roots. Besides, the role of MIR against viruses and foliar phytopathogens stays in the speculative field. Thus, knowing the mechanisms of AM symbiosis physiology regulation during MIR is required for their applications in sustainable agriculture.
