**9. Role of ECM fungi in vegetative propagation in forest nurseries**

Vegetative propagation is a vital tool for the enhancement of productivity of economically important horticultural and agricultural plants. Microorganism also plays a dynamic role in the horticultural sector apart from phytohormones, that is, bacteria, fungi, and most important arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, because the symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant controls many factors, enhances the ability to endure harsh condition or harsh environmental factors, and triggers hormone production and adventitious root formation [15]. The initial inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi onto the medium of roots improves the rate of vegetative-propagated plant species growth after establishing a mutual association with the plant. Furthermore, a series of successive signaling measures are known to happen between AM fungi and plant during the growth and development of roots [7].

## **10. Ectomycorrhizal fungi and forest restoration**

Temperate and boreal forests are affected by anthropogenic activities and destruction. Ectomycorrhizal fungi play a significant role in the re-establishment of forest through building a symbiotic relationship with roots of higher plants of temperate and boreal forests, providing nutrients to their hosts and surface area for gaseous exchange to plant. ECM fungi are involved in woody plant existence and development and help them to tolerate severe environmental conditions [16]. Much research has been conducted on the restoration of forest ecosystems by using ECM fungi in the site where heavy metals and soil erosion destroy plants drastically. The result has proven that ECM fungi restore sites occupied by plant species that are not native. Moreover, boundaries, knowledge gaps, and possible unwanted results of the use of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) in forest reestablishment and proposed for the further incorporation of this fungal group into forest management. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) host connections could progress the chances of success of future reestablishment programs in different forests [10].
