**6. Conclusions and recommendations**

Adoption of good agriculture management practices can increase productivity, reduce erosion, increase soil fertility, and increase the soil's water-holding capacity. For farmers, it is often easier to use the agricultural systems that they are familiar with and that are supported by existing research and existing industries rather than search for the necessary solutions. Some of these systems do not consider the differences of the agroecological zones, cultures and resource limitations which tend to fail in most of the areas where they are applied. Improved soil fertility is critical. Therefore, strategies must include biologically based systems to rebuild soil fertility. Populations and space pressures are forcing farmers to use land more intensely. Reducing land degradation and replenishing soil fertility requires an integrated sustainable approach that promotes agricultural management practices that enhance AM fungal diversity. AM fungi are a key ecosystem partner that relates to sustainable management in their activity contributing to many ecosystem functions, including soil aggregation, reduced nutrient losses, and improved plant nutrient acquisition, which may reduce the amounts of fertilizer required to achieve elevated yields. Because mycorrhizal networks can create indefinitely large numbers of fungal linkages connecting many plants in a community, AM fungal formation could be a critical element in the plant succession of ecosystems and reducing greenhouse gases. The distribution pattern of AM fungi and glomalin are helpful components in monitoring desertification and soil degradation [277].

Mitigating of climate change cannot ignore the role of AM fungi and their symbiotic interaction with important crops such as maize. Adoption of soil management approaches that sustain AM fungal populations whether indigenous or introduced are therefore essential.
