**5.4 Temperatures stress**

Increased temperature due to several factors including global warming has a significant impact on the cycling of nutrients because temperature regulates both the decomposition of organic materials and soil microbial activity [56]. In AMF, reduced spore diameter, root colonization, species variety, and soil glomalin content have all been linked to higher temperatures, resulting in varying water and N levels impacting the plants' growth [57]. Reduced mycorrhizal reliance had an impact on the growth of mycobionts, particularly in AMF even while plants could obtain the necessary nutrients. AMF has been reported to act as a buffer for plants that were affected by climate change by widening their "niche," [58].

Also, low soil temperature inhibits AMF root growth much like high soil temperature does [33]. Even though the ideal temperature for AMF development varies according to the fungal isolates, most species prefer temperatures between 18 and 30OC [59]. At 15°C, mycorrhization of roots declines, and a further drop in temperature (10°C or 5°C) prevents AMF production [33]. AMF sporulation was impacted by low temperatures [12]. For instance, *R. intraradices'* sporulation slows down at 15°C, although spores' metabolic processes are not affected until temperatures of 10°C or lower [60]. Organic additions may improve AMF's effectiveness in reducing cold stress. An example is the development of *Lolium perenne* L. on salty soils at low temperatures was enhanced by the synergistic inoculation of *R. intraradices* and biochar [61].
