*2.2.3.4 Antifungal action*

Flavonoids have several antifungal mechanisms, including disruption of the plasma membrane, activation of numerous mitochondrial dysfunctions, and suppression of cell wall production, cell division, and RNA and protein synthesis [122]. Apigenin and Baicalein can serve as antifungals by lowering lipid peroxidation and preventing membrane disruption [123]. Some isoflavones, such as glabridin, can impede the formation of fungal cell wall components such as β-glucans and chitin [124]. Quercetin can influence numerous mitochondrial activities, including the suppression of oxidative phosphorylation and the modification of ROS generation [125]. Apigenin disrupts the cell cycle, whereas myricetin, kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, naringenin, and genistein inhibit DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis [126].

#### *2.2.4 Conclusions*

Alkaloids are of enormous medicinal and societal importance as a source of innovative leading chemicals for medication development against a variety of severe illnesses. Among them, the indole, tropane, and isoquinoline alkaloids are widely known for their medicinal potential in the treatment of hypertension, cancer, microbial infection, neurological disorders, and other conditions. They are structurally distinct bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic properties. Finally, an extensive study on their metabolic transformation, the introduction of a wide variety of scientific instruments, and the collaborative collaboration of specialists from other scientific fields will speed up research on this hotspot and give new and significant healthcare chances. Also, flavonoids as another secondary chemical have different roles in growth and development as well as stress prevention. A greater understanding of the positive effects of flavonoids on human health has led to increased consumption and interest in using flavonoids in food processing and for medicinal purposes. Flavonoids are abundant in vegetables, flowers, and seeds, and methods have been developed to extract these compounds from these natural sources for use as food additives and preservatives. The recognition of natural flavonoids as a good and safer source of antioxidants provides new avenues for further research on these chemicals, focusing on new structures, new approaches and technologies, and other new natural sources.
