*2.1.6 Gastrointestinal effect*

Research study showed that abdominal pain or irritation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) are reduced by the administration of *C. longa* extract [34]. Curcumin could ameliorate the gastric damage, recover from gastric mucosal injury, reduce the leucocyte adherences, intracellular adherence molecule1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-*α* formation in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-induced gastropathy in rats [28].
