*2.7.3 Anti-inflammatory activities*

Number research studies demonstrated analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of piperine and black pepper extracts using various animal model and clinical studies [154]. Piperine also acted as useful gastrointestinal anti-inflammatory agent. Moreover, it showed anti-inflammatory effects on interleukin 1*β* (IL-1*β*)-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes [155]. Piperine effectively treated asthma by inhibiting airway inflammation due to suppression of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and enhanced TGF-β gene expression in the lungs in a murine model system [156].
