Sewage Treatment Using Nanoparticles

*Heena Tabassum, Allika Sailaja, Huda Afreen and Minal Wani*

### **Abstract**

This chapter provides a brief overview of nanomaterials, including classification, shape and structure, nanomaterial types, and applications in the degradation of recalcitrant organic contaminants. With the rapid advancement of nanotechnology science, the use of nanomaterials in environmental applications, particularly water treatment, has piqued the scientific community's interest in recent decades. Nanomaterials have unique properties such as surface-to-volume ratio, quantum effect, low band-gap energy, and so on, which enhance catalytic performance. Wastewater treatment is a critical task of the twenty-first century since it protects the health of our environment and living beings. Because of its ability to affect both living and nonliving organisms, wastewater is always viewed as a serious source of environmental contamination. Many physical, biological, and chemical modes of treatment are implied to comply with wastewater discharge standards set by competent national agencies for environmental protection.

**Keywords:** nanomaterials, synthetic, lipid based nanoparticle, wastage, sewage

### **1. Introduction**

Sewage treatment is a large component of water enterprise that safeguards public health, natural surroundings and economic development. The rapid population growth in distinctly urbanized and industrialized societies has resulted in the production of enormous volumes of Sewage, which require power and cost-effective remedies to discharge Sewage into receiving water bodies. To meet the discharge limits, present Sewage treatment facilities make use of energy-extensive strategies despite the current medical knowledge which aims in offering known strategies for power saving and restoration of flora. This offers a brief overview of a novel technology that has the potential to reduce the power needs of existing, standard Sewage treatment facilities, both by using replaceable remedies at some point of treatment to lessen the environmental footprint and gain electricity-efficient treatment facilities.

Water and Sewage control are enormously critical and interdependent requirements that can strongly affect a human being. Untreated Sewage contains huge amounts of organic and inorganic material from domestic, industrial and also public facilities, poisonous compounds, and many pathogenic microorganisms. If left untreated, Sewage can pollute surface and floor water reservoirs, consequently posing critical threats to public health and the surroundings. Subsequently, the objective of Sewage management is to offer reliable safety and adequate discharge of Sewage into the aquatic environment. But rapid and localized populace growth has brought about massive volumes of clean water being consumed every day and respectively huge volumes of Sewage being produced, which stresses, even more on the present Sewage management centres. On top of this a rapid deterioration of the high-quality water reservoirs, especially because of the elevated urbanization, industrialization and farming activities, is found. This is evident by the excess of natural pollutants and vitamin (N and P) masses in aquatic bodies. All of the above implies that more intensive Sewage treatment technologies, which are associated with high working volumes need to be adopted to protect public health and the natural environment. Sewage treatment incorporates diverse physical, chemical and organic processes, as well as their combination, that allows you to produce an effluent which can be safely disposed of into the surroundings without causing any sort of long-term unfavorable results to human beings or other living beings. Nevertheless, to meet Sewage discharge, high working volume demands are required, leading to high operational prices and making Sewage management unsustainable. Therefore, additional green and energy-efficient treatment constructions, that require a decrease to zero external quantities of strength to perform and therefore lower operational costs, have to be delivered on a huge scale. Sewage management is usually carried out in five stages as explained below:

