Meet the editor

Prof. Dr. Kabila Faris Hmood obtained a Ph.D. in 1996. She has been a professor since 2004 and has worked at the University of Baghdad, Iraq, and Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan. Dr. Hmood has published many books and more than thirty-five research papers. She has supervised several master's and doctoral theses. She is also a reviewer for numerous journals. She is the recipient of the 2022 Outstanding Reviewer Award

from *Civil Engineering and Architecture*. She is also among the top reviewers for the *Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering.* Dr. Hmood is a member of the international scientific advisory committees of many international conferences and a member of the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD).

### Contents



## Preface

Cultural heritage is an expression of the ways of living developed by society and passed down from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions, and values. Cultural heritage is often expressed as intangible or tangible cultural heritage. History and historical processes have contributed to the development of the concept of cultural heritage, which is constantly evolving. Urban and architectural heritage represents an important part of tangible cultural heritage. Elements of cultural heritage are symbolic and they represent identities in terms of culture and natural surroundings. Connecting and maintaining these elements creates a sense of community. At the same time, the selection of heritage elements, monuments, or preserved natural environments determines the future view of the elements of heritage and history and the societal consensus about both the past and the present as a step toward the future. We all know the importance of the architectural and urban heritage of all world countries, as it is the tangible memory of the people's history and civilization. In the last decades of the twentieth century, and even since the Second World War, interest has increased in finding appropriate methods to preserve this cultural heritage, including architectural and urban heritage. The interest in preserving heritage does not conflict with the importance of giving the present its mark and its distinguished presence based on the achievements of the past. Nor does it contradict what we aim for in our future cities. The past, present, and future present the beginning and origin connected with reality and future goals. Heritage is of increasing significance to each society. Why this is so is not entirely clear, but it probably has to do with the increasing speed of modernization and the scale of change in society. In such circumstances, evidence of past societies (heritage and ruins) can provide a sense of belonging and security to modern societies and be an anchor in a rapidly changing world. In many societies too, heritage can be an important definer of identity. Also, understanding the past could be of great help in managing the problems of the present and the future. The range of what is regarded as heritage has broadened significantly over the last half-century. Heritage properties tended to be individual monuments and buildings, such as places of worship or fortifications and were often regarded as standalone, with no particular relationship to their surrounding landscape. Today, there is general recognition that the whole environment has been affected by its interaction with humanity and is therefore capable of being recognized as heritage. It becomes even more necessary to make judgments about what has significance and what does not. The World Heritage Convention recognizes that heritage can be defined as "monuments, groups of buildings and sites." In practice, a broad set of typologies has developed that includes urban centers, archaeological sites, industrial heritage, cultural landscapes, and inherited routes. This greatly increases the range of places and landscapes that must be managed by heritage managers. Filden defines cultural heritage, of which architectural heritage is an important part, as "the physical image and physical embodiment of unique human components in which man is the basis of creation, creativity, and production." The expanding concept of heritage and the increased importance given to how heritage places relate to their surroundings mark an important shift in thinking.

Heritage places cannot be protected in isolation or as museum pieces, isolated from natural and humanmade disasters or from land-use planning considerations. Nor can they be separated from development activities, isolated from social changes that are occurring, or separated from the concerns of the communities. Why do we preserve our cultural heritage, including architectural and urban heritage?


Urban and architectural heritage in cities worldwide is very important, both in the present and the future. This importance leads to sustainable development, which satisfies the needs of the present and protects future rights. Preserving architectural and urban heritage is very important in illustrating the concept of "dual cities," in which the old parts preserve their architectural style while the modern part of the city is being developed in the same heritage style. Successful experiments in conserving urban and architectural heritage worldwide are also important. This book attempts to answer several questions: What is cultural heritage, including urban and architectural heritage? Why do we lose our heritage, and what about our Identity? How do we deal with current urban renewal policies? What are our policies for conservation, rehabilitation, restoration, and preservation? What is the role of digital methods in the conservation of urban and architectural heritage in our contemporary time?

This book is organized into three sections and eleven chapters.

Section 1, "Urban Heritage within Urban Renewal Policies", includes four chapters. Chapter 1, "The Role of Civil Society Organizations in Protecting the Urban Heritage in As-Salt City–Jordan", discusses the role of civil society organizations in protecting urban heritage. The authors, Dr. Shatha Sakher and Prof. Kabila Hmood conducted interviews with the heads of cultural and tourism associations and the associations concerned with reconstructing the urban heritage in As-Salt city. Based on their findings, the authors recommend establishing coordination between civil society organizations and official institutions on issues of preserving urban heritage, under a single and comprehensive umbrella with a vision to ensure the unification of efforts through dialogue, coordination, and cooperation. They also recommend exchanging ideas and opinions on programs for the maintenance, restoration, and preservation of historical buildings. In Chapter 2, "Constructing New City Downtowns: A Solution for Preserving the Historical Urban Heritage", Dr. Hajialikhani Mohammadreza highlights cities with historical urban areas that always have urban heritage. The chapter

**V**

of this century.

highlights the solution to the problem of increasing the size and population of cities that may be constructing new downtowns. The solution presented has been used in Isfahan (Iran) since the seventeenth century. It was also implemented in London, Melbourne, Belfast, and Buenos Aires in the twentieth century. Chapter 3, "The Public Urban Spaces Renewal and Architectural Heritage Revitalization: A Lasting Interconnection" by Ilda Koca Baltic, examines the future of urban renewal, which involves understanding both urban spaces and architectural context. In addition, the author highlights the importance of the interconnection between historical buildings and urban areas for improving energy, economics, and social sustainability. This chapter considers innovative ways of understanding the connection between public space renewal and architectural heritage revitalization to represent the creation of modern urban centers and community meeting places. Chapter 4, "The Role of Museums and Communities in Sustainable Heritage Site Management in Bangladesh: The Case Study of Mahasthangarh", by Mohammad Mahmudul Hasan Khan and Mohammad Niamul Huda, discusses managing cultural heritage and the threats and challenges that sites face. Unfortunately, there is no effective management plan in Bangladesh. The chapter demonstrates the roles and potentialities of site museums and local communities in forming sustainable heritage management by using

Section 2, "Conservation of Urban and Architectural Heritage", includes three chapters. Chapter 5, "A Conceptual Framework for Conserving Architectural Heritage in Graeco-Roman Egypt: A Goals-and-Applications Approach" by Prof. Marwa Elkady, discusses conservation programming, which is used to achieve different political, economic, social, and cultural objectives. Among all the conservation programs, religious programs make up the lion's share, most notably for the reconstruction of damaged Pharaonic temples, including those in Edfu, Dendera, Esna, and Philae. This chapter examines the concept and method of conserving architectural heritage and revitalizing traditions at that time. It also discusses the goals underlying this strategy, how they were developed, and how they affect society. Moreover, the chapter outlines a theory for reviving the past in the present through architectural heritage conservation like that of Graeco-Roman Egypt. Chapter 6, "Digital Immersion Technology and Its Strategy in the Field of Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation" by Pan Husheng, Ping Li and Lie Zhang, discusses the application of digital immersion technology in urban and architectural heritage conservation, examining its development status and trends. The chapter analyzes relevant projects and summarizes ideas and strategies, hoping to provide a possible technical approach and reference of ideas and strategies for the digital conservation of urban and architectural heritage worldwide. In Chapter 7, "Adaptive Reuse of Historic Buildings towards a Resilient Heritage", Assistant Prof. Maya Hassan reviews the development of the global principles of historic building reuse and the theories of fundamental intervention, starting from the Italian Renaissance and the French Revolution at the end of the eighteenth century, moving on to adaptive reuse, which was manifested in the dominant architectural language during the 1960s and 1970s, and ending with the integration of heritage preservation into comprehensive sustainable development agendas at the beginning

Section 3, "Loss of Identity, cultural and Architectural Heritage", includes four chapters. Chapter 8, "Unwanted Cultural Heritage of the Republics of the Former Yugoslavia", by D.Sc. Dejan Dašić, examines the history, systematic destruction, and current state

qualitative, and quantitative methods and SPSS software.

highlights the solution to the problem of increasing the size and population of cities that may be constructing new downtowns. The solution presented has been used in Isfahan (Iran) since the seventeenth century. It was also implemented in London, Melbourne, Belfast, and Buenos Aires in the twentieth century. Chapter 3, "The Public Urban Spaces Renewal and Architectural Heritage Revitalization: A Lasting Interconnection" by Ilda Koca Baltic, examines the future of urban renewal, which involves understanding both urban spaces and architectural context. In addition, the author highlights the importance of the interconnection between historical buildings and urban areas for improving energy, economics, and social sustainability. This chapter considers innovative ways of understanding the connection between public space renewal and architectural heritage revitalization to represent the creation of modern urban centers and community meeting places. Chapter 4, "The Role of Museums and Communities in Sustainable Heritage Site Management in Bangladesh: The Case Study of Mahasthangarh", by Mohammad Mahmudul Hasan Khan and Mohammad Niamul Huda, discusses managing cultural heritage and the threats and challenges that sites face. Unfortunately, there is no effective management plan in Bangladesh. The chapter demonstrates the roles and potentialities of site museums and local communities in forming sustainable heritage management by using qualitative, and quantitative methods and SPSS software.

Section 2, "Conservation of Urban and Architectural Heritage", includes three chapters. Chapter 5, "A Conceptual Framework for Conserving Architectural Heritage in Graeco-Roman Egypt: A Goals-and-Applications Approach" by Prof. Marwa Elkady, discusses conservation programming, which is used to achieve different political, economic, social, and cultural objectives. Among all the conservation programs, religious programs make up the lion's share, most notably for the reconstruction of damaged Pharaonic temples, including those in Edfu, Dendera, Esna, and Philae. This chapter examines the concept and method of conserving architectural heritage and revitalizing traditions at that time. It also discusses the goals underlying this strategy, how they were developed, and how they affect society. Moreover, the chapter outlines a theory for reviving the past in the present through architectural heritage conservation like that of Graeco-Roman Egypt. Chapter 6, "Digital Immersion Technology and Its Strategy in the Field of Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation" by Pan Husheng, Ping Li and Lie Zhang, discusses the application of digital immersion technology in urban and architectural heritage conservation, examining its development status and trends. The chapter analyzes relevant projects and summarizes ideas and strategies, hoping to provide a possible technical approach and reference of ideas and strategies for the digital conservation of urban and architectural heritage worldwide. In Chapter 7, "Adaptive Reuse of Historic Buildings towards a Resilient Heritage", Assistant Prof. Maya Hassan reviews the development of the global principles of historic building reuse and the theories of fundamental intervention, starting from the Italian Renaissance and the French Revolution at the end of the eighteenth century, moving on to adaptive reuse, which was manifested in the dominant architectural language during the 1960s and 1970s, and ending with the integration of heritage preservation into comprehensive sustainable development agendas at the beginning of this century.

Section 3, "Loss of Identity, cultural and Architectural Heritage", includes four chapters. Chapter 8, "Unwanted Cultural Heritage of the Republics of the Former Yugoslavia", by D.Sc. Dejan Dašić, examines the history, systematic destruction, and current state

of monuments to the national liberation struggle in the former Yugoslavia. The chapter studies cultural heritage after the breakup of the former Yugoslavia in 1990 when all republics, without exception, began to destroy the cultural heritage created between 1945 and 1990. Chapter 9, "Wind Catcher: A Lost Architectural Heritage with Timeless Passive Attributes" by Asma Khalid and Nur Dalilah Dahlan, discusses the wind catcher in metropolitan cities of Pakistan. Because it is viewed as a lost heritage of the past, campaigns to revive the wind catcher as a cooling and air displacement device are surfacing among the global communities. By using digital ethnography, the responses toward wind catchers in commercial and residential buildings are observed via online social media, blogging, and video documentaries. Chapter 10, "Fractal Dimension and Perception of Order in Islamic Art" by Dr. Nurfer Tercan, discusses how the mathematical harmony of the universe has been and continues to be one of the main components in Islamic art. This topic represents one of the most important characteristics of Islamic art. Finally, Chapter 11, "Diminishing Architectural Artifacts along the Coastal Stretch of Tanzania", by Ombeni Swai, investigates and documents the existing architectural heritage in Bagamoyo and Dar es Salaam in the midst of urbanization, during which artifacts have been dwindling over time. The author concludes that both Bagamoyo and Dar es Salaam have valuable architectural and cultural heritage elements such as Arabic, Swahili, Indian, Islamic and Western, both modern and contemporary, that must be restored, upkept, and maintained for the two cities' sustainability. According to the study, most architectural artifacts from the two localities are left to deteriorate over time due to a lack of resources, proper management, a lack of integrated policies between urban development and urban conservation, and a lack of awareness of the importance of historical heritage. There is a need to raise awareness among local officials, the government at large, and a few private individuals who own heritage buildings so that they can collaborate to develop strategies to manage the heritage.

I would like to thank all the authors for their valuable contributions to this book. I would also like to thank the Publishing Process Managers at IntechOpen for their patience, understanding, and effective coordination of the complex publishing process. I dedicate this book to my husband Sabri Kamash, who stimulated and mobilized me to work on the edition of this book. I hope that Sabri's knowledge of his specialization, which is city planning, will allow us to publish a book on this topic in the future.

> **Dr. Kabila Hmood** Professor, Faculty of Architectural Engineering, Department of Architecture, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

> > **1**

Section 1

Urban Heritage within Urban

Renewal Policies

Section 1
