**6. Radiographic evaluation**

Standard ankle X-rays, including AP, lateral, and oblique views, can be supplemented with Harris and Broden views if there is a suspicion of a calcaneus fracture [34]. The Broden view visualizes the posterior calcaneus facet and subtalar joint, while the Harris view examines the tuberosity fragment, allowing for further characterization of the fracture. Radiographic measurements such as Böhler's angle and the Critical Angle of Gissane, normally between 20–40o and 120–145o , respectively, are important for identifying a collapse of the posterior facet (**Figure 8**). Still, normal measurements do not rule out a fracture.

CT scans are the gold standard for diagnosing calcaneus fractures and can guide surgical planning. CT scans are used to determine the Sanders classification as described above and provide additional detail regarding fragment size, displacement, and extent of intra-articular involvement beyond what is seen on plain radiographs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be useful for calcaneus stress fractures. This should be considered when X-rays are normal, but there is high suspicion based on symptomatology, particularly in physically active patients [35, 36]. Furthermore, bone scintigraphy can be useful in individuals with metallic devices that would preclude MRI [37].
