**2. PSA testing**

In the United States, the incidence of prostate cancer increased in the early 1990s due to the widespread use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) monitoring that was formally approved by the Food & Drug Administration in 1986, and dramatically increased the detection of asymptomatic/early-stage disease. Incidence rates declined suddenly between 2007 and 2014, and stabilized around 2016. In 2012, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended against routine PSA screening for prostate cancer due to overdiagnosis and overtreatment that could potentially affect quality of life for patients. This recommendation likely led to the decrease in the overall reported incidence rates, but later resulted in an increase in the incidence of advanced-stage disease [3]. In 2018, the USPSTF released updated guidelines for PSA screening as follows: [4].


However, the American Cancer Society has released guidelines that are more in favor of PSA testing, recommending that the decision for PSA testing should take place as follows: [5].

