**11. Mitigation strategies and surveillance guidelines**

A number of strategies including avoidance of RT, use of lower doses of RT (10–20Gy) in modern COG and SIOP protocols, inclusion of the entire vertebral body during RT and blocking the hip joint completely can reduce musculoskeletal toxicity among WT survivors.

The COG LTFU guidelines, version 5.0, provide extensive recommendations for the appropriate surveillance of childhood cancer survivors for common RT-induced toxicities observed in WT survivors (http://survivorshipguidelines.org). A summary of these guidelines is provided in **Table 3**.
